- •Астраханский государственный технический университет
- •«Английский язык»
- •Методическое пособие утверждено на заседании кафедры “ияито” протокол № 10 от 16.05.07
- •IV. Read the text carefully and say what you have learnt about petroleum. A. Petroleum
- •B. Formation of petroleum Biogenic theory
- •Abiogenic theory
- •C. From the history of the oil industry
- •Exercises
- •III. Read the text carefully and say what you have learnt about natural gas. A. Chemical composition of natural gas
- •V. Say if the following statements are true or false. Correct the false ones.
- •B. Storage and transportation of natural gas
- •C. The use of natural gas
- •D. Sources of natural gas
- •E. Possible future sources
- •F. Safety
- •Exercises
- •VII. Render the text about natural gas in the oral form. Unit 3 Oil well
- •I. Study and learn the vocabulary list:
- •II. Look at the title and the picture and say what information the text gives. Read the text attentively for the details and be ready to discuss it with your groupmates.
- •A. The history of an oil well
- •B. Life of a well
- •Drilling
- •Completion
- •3) Production
- •4) Abandonment
- •C. Types of oil wells
- •Exercises
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Translate the following sentences into English using your active vocabulary:
- •III. Create a questionnaire on the topic “Oil wells” and test your groupmates’ knowledge. You can use the following questions:
- •Unit 4 Oil exploration
- •I. Study and learn the vocabulary list:
- •II. Read the text carefully and say what you have learnt oil exploration.
- •A. Searching for Oil and Gas
- •B. Oil extraction
- •C. Working conditions in the oil industry
- •D. Occupations in the oil industry
- •Exercises
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Give definitions to the following jobs:
- •III. Find in the text the English equivalents to the following words and word combinations:
- •IV. Write down own sentences using words and word combinations from exercise 3.
- •V. Make up dialogues using the following situation:
- •Unit 5 How oil drilling works
- •I. Read and learn the vocabulary list:
- •II. Read the text carefully and say what you have learnt oil drilling. A. Preparing to drill
- •B. Setting up the rig
- •C. Drilling
- •D. Drilling rig classification
- •Exercises
- •V. Look at Fig. 4 and tell about the structure of an oil rig.
- •III. Read the text attentively and say what you have learnt about offshore drilling. A. The drilling template
- •B. Moveable offshore drilling rigs
- •1) Drilling barges
- •2) Jack-up rigs
- •3) Submersible rigs
- •4) Semisubmersible rigs
- •5) Drillships
- •C. Permanent platforms
- •1) Fixed platforms
- •2) Compliant towers
- •3) Seastar platforms
- •4) Floating production systems
- •5) Tension leg platforms
- •6) Subsea system
- •7) Spar platforms
- •Exercises
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Say if the sentences are true or false. Correct the false sentences.
- •III. Translate the following sentences into English using your active vocabulary:
- •Unit 7 How oil refining works
- •I. Study and learn the vocabulary list:
- •II. Read the text attentively and say what you have learnt about oil refinery. A. From the history of oil refinery
- •B. The refining process
- •Treating and blending the fractions
- •D. Safety and environmental concerns
- •Exercises
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Say if the statements are true or false. Correct the false statements.
- •III. Translate the following text into English using your active vocabulary:
- •IV. Render the text about oil refinery in the oral form.
- •II. Read the text attentively and say what you have learnt about gasoline. A. What is gasoline?
- •B. Chemical analysis and production of gasoline
- •C. Octane rating
- •D. Volatility
- •E. Gasoline Additives
- •1) Lead
- •3) Oxygenate blending
- •F. Health concerns
- •Exercises
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Say if the statements are true or false. Correct the false statements.
- •III. Translate the following sentences into English using your active vocabulary:
- •IV. Render the text about gasoline in the oral form. Contents
Treating and blending the fractions
Distillated and chemically processed fractions are treated to remove impurities, such as organic compounds containing sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, water, dissolved metals and inorganic salts. Treating is usually done by passing the fractions through the following:
1) a column of sulfuric acid - removes unsaturated hydrocarbons (those with carbon-carbon double-bonds), nitrogen compounds, oxygen compounds and residual solids (tars, asphalt);
2) an absorption column filled with drying agents to remove water;
3) sulfur treatment and hydrogen-sulfide scrubbers to remove sulfur and sulfur compounds.
After the fractions have been treated, they are cooled and then blended together to make various products, such as: gasoline of various grades, with or without additives; lubricating oils of various weights and grades (e.g. 10W-40, 5W-30); kerosene of various grades; jet fuel; diesel fuel; heating oil; chemicals of various grades for making plastics and other polymers.
The products are stored on-site until they can be delivered to various markets such as gas stations, airports and chemical plants. In addition to making the oil-based products, refineries must also treat the wastes involved in the processes to minimize air and water pollution.
D. Safety and environmental concerns
Oil refineries are typically large sprawling industrial complexes with extensive piping running throughout. The refining process releases numerous different chemicals into the atmosphere; consequently, there are substantial air pollution emissions and a notable odor normally accompanies the presence of a refinery. Aside from air pollution impacts there are also wastewater concerns, upset risks of fire and explosion, and both occupational noise and environmental noise health effects.
The public has demanded that many governments place restrictions on contaminants that refineries release, and most refineries have installed the equipment needed to comply with the requirements of the pertinent environmental protection regulatory agencies. These environmental restrictions and pressure to prevent construction of new refineries have also contributed to rising fuel prices.
Environmental and safety concerns mean that oil refineries are sometimes located some distance away from major urban areas. Nevertheless, there are many instances where refinery operations are close to populated areas and pose health risks.
Exercises
I. Answer the following questions:
1. Where and when was the first oil refinery opened? 2. Where is the largest oil refinery located? 3. Why cannot crude oil be used as it is? 4. What is oil refining? 5. What are the main steps of fractional distillation? 6. What methods are used in chemical processing? 7. What are the types of cracking? 8. What is the function of treating? 9. Are oil refineries harmful for the environment? 10. What measures are done to prevent impacts of oil refineries on the environment?
II. Say if the statements are true or false. Correct the false statements.
1. Nowadays all oil refineries exist as museums. 2. Crude oil is a very useful liquid, and it can be used in the form it comes in out of the ground. 3. Oil refining is a process when useful crude oils are separated from unuseful ones.