- •Астраханский государственный технический университет
- •«Английский язык»
- •Методическое пособие утверждено на заседании кафедры “ияито” протокол № 10 от 16.05.07
- •IV. Read the text carefully and say what you have learnt about petroleum. A. Petroleum
- •B. Formation of petroleum Biogenic theory
- •Abiogenic theory
- •C. From the history of the oil industry
- •Exercises
- •III. Read the text carefully and say what you have learnt about natural gas. A. Chemical composition of natural gas
- •V. Say if the following statements are true or false. Correct the false ones.
- •B. Storage and transportation of natural gas
- •C. The use of natural gas
- •D. Sources of natural gas
- •E. Possible future sources
- •F. Safety
- •Exercises
- •VII. Render the text about natural gas in the oral form. Unit 3 Oil well
- •I. Study and learn the vocabulary list:
- •II. Look at the title and the picture and say what information the text gives. Read the text attentively for the details and be ready to discuss it with your groupmates.
- •A. The history of an oil well
- •B. Life of a well
- •Drilling
- •Completion
- •3) Production
- •4) Abandonment
- •C. Types of oil wells
- •Exercises
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Translate the following sentences into English using your active vocabulary:
- •III. Create a questionnaire on the topic “Oil wells” and test your groupmates’ knowledge. You can use the following questions:
- •Unit 4 Oil exploration
- •I. Study and learn the vocabulary list:
- •II. Read the text carefully and say what you have learnt oil exploration.
- •A. Searching for Oil and Gas
- •B. Oil extraction
- •C. Working conditions in the oil industry
- •D. Occupations in the oil industry
- •Exercises
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Give definitions to the following jobs:
- •III. Find in the text the English equivalents to the following words and word combinations:
- •IV. Write down own sentences using words and word combinations from exercise 3.
- •V. Make up dialogues using the following situation:
- •Unit 5 How oil drilling works
- •I. Read and learn the vocabulary list:
- •II. Read the text carefully and say what you have learnt oil drilling. A. Preparing to drill
- •B. Setting up the rig
- •C. Drilling
- •D. Drilling rig classification
- •Exercises
- •V. Look at Fig. 4 and tell about the structure of an oil rig.
- •III. Read the text attentively and say what you have learnt about offshore drilling. A. The drilling template
- •B. Moveable offshore drilling rigs
- •1) Drilling barges
- •2) Jack-up rigs
- •3) Submersible rigs
- •4) Semisubmersible rigs
- •5) Drillships
- •C. Permanent platforms
- •1) Fixed platforms
- •2) Compliant towers
- •3) Seastar platforms
- •4) Floating production systems
- •5) Tension leg platforms
- •6) Subsea system
- •7) Spar platforms
- •Exercises
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Say if the sentences are true or false. Correct the false sentences.
- •III. Translate the following sentences into English using your active vocabulary:
- •Unit 7 How oil refining works
- •I. Study and learn the vocabulary list:
- •II. Read the text attentively and say what you have learnt about oil refinery. A. From the history of oil refinery
- •B. The refining process
- •Treating and blending the fractions
- •D. Safety and environmental concerns
- •Exercises
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Say if the statements are true or false. Correct the false statements.
- •III. Translate the following text into English using your active vocabulary:
- •IV. Render the text about oil refinery in the oral form.
- •II. Read the text attentively and say what you have learnt about gasoline. A. What is gasoline?
- •B. Chemical analysis and production of gasoline
- •C. Octane rating
- •D. Volatility
- •E. Gasoline Additives
- •1) Lead
- •3) Oxygenate blending
- •F. Health concerns
- •Exercises
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Say if the statements are true or false. Correct the false statements.
- •III. Translate the following sentences into English using your active vocabulary:
- •IV. Render the text about gasoline in the oral form. Contents
F. Health concerns
Many of the non-aliphatic hydrocarbons naturally present in gasoline (especially aromatic ones like benzene), as well as many anti-knocking additives, are carcinogenic. Because of this, any large-scale or ongoing leaks of gasoline pose a threat to the public's health and the environment, should the gasoline reach a public supply of drinking water. The main risks of such leaks come not from vehicles, but from gasoline delivery truck accidents and leaks from storage tanks. Because of this risk, most (underground) storage tanks now have extensive measures in place to detect and prevent any such leaks, such as sacrificial anodes. Gasoline is rather volatile, requiring that storage tanks on land and in vehicles be properly sealed. The high volatility also means that it will easily ignite in cold weather conditions, unlike diesel for example. Appropriate venting is needed to ensure the level of pressure is similar on the inside and outside. Gasoline also reacts dangerously with certain common chemicals; for example, gasoline and crystal Drāno (sodium hydroxide) react together in a spontaneous combustion. It is also one of the few liquids that you are not supposed to vomit out of your system because of its tendency to burn your throat.
Gasoline is also one of the sources of pollutant gases. Even gasoline which does not contain lead or sulfur compounds produces carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide in the exhaust of the engine which is running on it.
Through misuse as an inhalant, gasoline also contributes to damage to health. "Petrol sniffing" is a common way of obtaining a high for many people and has become epidemic in many poorer communities such as with Indigenous Australians. In response, Opal fuel has been developed by the BP Kwinana Refinery in Australia, and contains only 5% aromatics (unlike the usual 25%) which inhibits the effects of inhalation.
Exercises
I. Answer the following questions:
1. What is gasoline? 2. What is the difference between gasoline and petrol? 3. What was one of the first usages of petrol in the 19th century? 4. What can you say about the etymology of the word “gasoline”? 5. What is octane rating? 6. What is made from gasoline?
II. Say if the statements are true or false. Correct the false statements.
1. The octane rating of gasoline tells consumers about the length of the carbon chains. 2. The Russian word “бензин” was derived from the name of a German scientist Bertha Benz. 3. Airplanes use the same type of gasoline as cars. 4. Nowadays gasoline is not used as a treatment against lice and their eggs as they are not afraid of it any more. 5. Lead was blended with gasoline to make it cheaper. 6. Gas, mogas, and avgas are different types of natural gas. 7. Gasoline is harmless as it is used even in medicine. 8. It has been found out that lead additives make gasoline heavier.
III. Translate the following sentences into English using your active vocabulary:
1. Бензин — смесь лёгких углеводородов с температурой кипения от 30 до 205°С и присадок для улучшения их эксплуатационных свойств. 2. Промышленное производство моторного топлива состоит из следующих основных этапов: первичная, вторичная переработка нефти и процессы смешения. 3. В качестве эталонов для определения октанового числа (ОЧ) бензина используют два углеводорода, один из которых — изооктан — обладает очень высокими антидетонационными свойствами, то есть горит, а не взрывается. Другой — н-гептан — наоборот, является взрывчатым веществом. 4. Для определения октанового числа применяют специальную установку — одноцилиндровый двигатель с изменяемой степенью сжатия. В установку заливают образец бензина и измеряют детонацию. Затем в ту же установку последовательно заливают смеси изооктана и н-гептана в разных пропорциях, добиваясь того же уровня детонации. Доля изооктана в такой смеси и говорит об октановом числе бензина. 5. Путь бензина от скважины в земле до автомобильного бензобака лежит через нефтеперабатывающий завод. Каждое из этих предприятий обязано получить сертификат на тот или иной вид топлива. 6. Бензин проходит тщательные испытания на соответствие ГОСТ (ТУ) и на основе результатов исследования, межведомственная комиссия принимает решение о допуске к производству и применению бензинов. 7. Бензин обязан иметь паспорт. Слева в документе указаны значения по ГОСТУ или ТУ, справа – фактические, присущие данной партии. Первым в паспорте стоит графа “детонационная стойкость”. Это самое важное из всех свойств бензина. Именно эта цифра стоит на самой колонке заправочной станции. 8.Следующая цифра – концентрация свинца, для неэтилированных бензинов не должна быть более 0,013 г. на куб. дм. Следующие строчки (температура перегонки) говорят о “легкости” топлива – чем меньше эти значения, тем больше в бензине легких фракций, тем быстрее запустится двигатель зимой. Далее, важная графа, концентрация смол. Чем ниже, тем лучше, смола – яд для карбюратора, инжектора, впускных клапанов. “Индукционный период” говорит о способности бензина к длительному хранению. А “испытанию на медной пластинке” топливо подвергается с целью выяснения окислительных коррозионных свойств, которые оно проявит в системе питания автомобиля. Пометка “выд.” означает – испытание выдерживает. Следующие строчки должны сопровождаться только одним примечанием: “отс.” - отсутствуют кислоты, щелочи, механические примеси и вода.