Сослагательное наклонение

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, в которых сказуемое выра­жено глаголом в сослагательном наклонении в форме Indefinite.

1. Our method could be generalized. 2. These steps might be arbitrary. 3. I should (would) like to have the book. 4. They might be invited to take part in the discussion. 5. We could answer all the questions. 6. They would do the work much better. 7. I would choose the latter variant. 8. She might support his idea. 9.1 could agree with his point of view. 10. We could not agree with such a proposition. 11. Some day it would be necessary to create programs that could better represent the system's knowledge to itself.

Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения, в которых сказуемое выра­жено глаголом в сослагательном наклонении в форме Perfect. Под­крепите лексически нереальность действия.

1. Our method could have been generalized. 2. In this case our assumption would have been correct. 3. Without his assist­ance such an experiment would have been impossible. 4. We agreed with his proposition, otherwise it would have been necessary to change the whole plan. 5. Such a privilege would necessarily have led to competition with the merchants (торговцы, купцы). 6. The problem could have been solved long ago. 7. The work might not have been completed. 8. We might have compared the conditions to the present condition. 9. The event might not have taken place.

Упражнение 3. Замените сослагательное наклонение в форме Indefinite на перфектную форму. Переведите на русский язык

Образец: The question might be asked – The question might have been asked. Этот вопрос могли бы задать (но не задали)

1. The agreement might be signed. 2. It would be impossible to do this work. 3. Such an action could lead to disagreement. 4. We might solve the problem properly. 5. They would agree with our proposition. 6. The process would not take place. 7. He might not be invited to the conference. 8. It would take much time to make such calculations.

Урок 39.

Употребление сослагательного наклонения

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, в которых использова­но сослагательное наклонение в форме Indefinite и Perfect. Следует помнить, что если в предложении есть два или несколько однород­ных сказуемых в сослагательном наклонении, то только первое из них дается в полной форме, а остальные выражены только смысло­вой частью (The letter might have been written and sent – Письмо могло бы быть написано и отправлено).

1. For all sad words of tongue or pen, the saddest are these: «It might have been» (J. Whittier). 2. We could never have loved the earth so well, if we had no childhood in it (G. Eliot). 3. The book might not have been written or published. 4. A different set could have been selected and easily justified. 5. If the formal axioms did not agree more or less with the properties of physical objects, the geometry would be of little interest. 6. The facts do not always answer our questions as unmistakably as might be desirable. 7. Make exact calculations lest you should fail with your experiment. 8. It would be indeed strange if this were not the case, because the situation is clear. 9. A myriad subsystems could not have been understood without mathemat­ical analysis. 10. This fact could have been taken as a starting point to develop a complete algorithm, but there are computa­tional problems. 11. But for the lack of a reliable instrument the problem could have been solved long ago. 12. It is natural to require that final choices (альтернативы) should not be multivalued. 13. Re­viewers are usually people who would have been poets, histori­ans, biographers, etc., if they could; they have tried their talents at one or at the other, and have failed; therefore they turn critics (S. Coleridge).

Упражнение 2. Переведите на английский язык, используя сосла­гательное наклонение в форме Indefinite.

1. Я смогла бы сделать эту работу завтра. 2. Он хочет, чтобы я помогла ему. 3. Мне бы хотелось дать ему хороший совет. 4. Необходимо, чтобы мы пришли к (какому-нибудь) соглашению (to come to an agreement). 5. Важно, чтобы они достигли своей цели (to achive the aim). 6. Желательно, чтобы они обеспечили (to provide; нас необходимой инфор­мацией. 7. Они потребовали, чтобы мы проверили (to check) эти данные еще раз. 8. Прочтите (этот) текст еще раз, (так) чтобы вы могли понять его.

Упражнение 3. Переведите предложения, выделяя сослагательное на­клонение (в форме Indefinite и Perfect).

1. It is urgent that we debate the importance of such gatherings. 2. But for the good weather we should not have gone for a walk. 3. It seemed as if the fact were recognized. 4. In many cases it is essential that cell growth start simultaneously in all infected bacteria. 5. Make haste lest you be late. 6. This would be truer in some types of operations than in others. 7. He asked that they should be permitted to return to their homes. 8. They lived as if it was an imaginary world. 9. But for the data presented by the professor, the work might not have been completed. 10. The system is as though this transformation had never happened. 11. They have changed the sequence of the actions so that it fit to the situation. 12. Revise the rules lest you forget them. 13. She must have forgotten all about it otherwise she would have used it. 14. This would have given rise to economic problems. 15. It is necessary that the model adequately represent the problem situation.

Урок 40.

Прилагательное. Положительная степень. Наречие. Положительная степень

Упражнение 1. Образуйте наречия (путем присоединения суффикса -1у) от следующих прилагательных. Помните, что наречия отвечают на вопрос как? каким образом? поэтому в некоторых случаях можно дать описательный перевод, используя, например, слово образом.

Образец: chief главный – chiefly главным образом.

Real – реальный; right – правильный; diffe­rent – другой; accurate – точный, пра­вильный, тщательный; main – главный; rapid – быстрый; wide – широкий; easy – легкий; complete – полный.

Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения.

1 We completed the work nearly two years ago. 2. I shall miss you badly. 3. I know little about this phenomenon. 4. I know a little about it. 5. He can do the work readily. 6. There are few mistakes in this work. 7. There were a few mistakes in his work. 8. They can hardly realize the difficulty. 9. It was a hard work to do. 10. They will manage to do the work eventually. 11. We tested the substance repeatedly. 12. They followed our method, however. 13. However carefully we read, we shall not be able to see the difference. 14. He passed his examination successfully. 15. We shall perform the operations successively. 16. It will necessarily result in a false program. 17. However attractive, the method must not be used.

Упражнение 3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на наречия.

1.Success in action depends partially on one's ability to control a situation. 2. The individual is particularly sensitive to the features of natural objects. 3. It annoys people when we agree partly or disagree partly. 4. We can use the term in a number of situations, in particular with two-person games.

Упражнение 4. Переведите предложения.

1. It is the very best thing you can do. 2. His very absence is eloquent (знаменательно). 3. They liked the work very much. 4. He is the very man I want. 5. We aim to give learners a very rich input of natural English from the very beginning. 6. Students come with very specific and diverse interests. 7. A very important task was set before him. 8. On the very day of its arrival the delegations visited the plant. 9. When she was good, she was very, very good, but when she was bad she was horrid. 10. From the very beginning geometry was based rather on experience than on axioms.

Упражнение 5. Переведите предложения

1. Few things, however good, are without some disadvantag­es, and almost nothing, however bad, is without a trace of good. 2. All this happened with little encouragement from his col­leagues. 3. The few who opposed this new trend were finally forced to agree. 4. The little that is known of these agreements is inconclusive. 5. They suffered badly from the lack of infor­mation. 6. This does not necessarily end in failure. 7. They suffered badly from the continuous noise. 8. Science by its very nature is adequate to aid the manager in producing good decisions. 9. The facts may readily be proved. 10. He will eventually yield. 11. They met with failure repeatedly. 12. Fundamental discoveries in this new science took place nearly twenty years ago. 13. From the very beginning we had little information on this subject. 14. A little attention is given, however, to minor deviations from normal practice. 15. There are few papers dealing with this subject. 16. There were a few papers dealing with this subject. 17. This course of investigation will hardly suit our purpose.. 18. In this case the robot can successfully manipulate steel parts. 19. They performed checks successively as compli­cation increased.

Упражнение 6. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая особое внимание на прилагательные и наречия.

1. The number of samples is small. 2. The problem remains difficult. 3. The temperature is high. 4. We have little informa­tion on this subject. 5. The author gave a little attention to the problem identification approach. 6. We have few papers on the subject. 7. The researcher had a few papers on this problem. 8. We shall focus on a small number of questions. 9. She is always right. 10. He is always wrong. 11. Reasoning helps us to be wise. 12. The left side of our brain helps us to be smart (перевести буквально). 13. The right side of our brain helps us to be wise (перевести буквально). 14. The main purpose is to throw light on this difficult problem. 15. They mainly focused on fundamental problems. 16. We solved a number of compli­cated problems.

Урок 41.

Словообразование

Упражнение 1. Образуйте из данных глаголов новые глаголы путем присоединения префиксов и переведите на русский язык.

de-: to compose – составлять, to compress – сжимать, to code – кодировать;

dis-: to join – соединять, to agree – соглашаться, to arm – вооружать; to approve – одобрять;

mis-: to inform – информировать, to understand – понимать, to lead – вести, to take – брать;

pre-: to test – испытывать, проверять, to cook – готовить,'to determine – определять;

fore-: to tell – сказать, to go – идти;

under-: to estimate – оценивать, to line – проводить линию, to do – делать, to dose – давать дозу, to pay – платить;

over-: to estimate – оценивать, to dose – давать дозу, to do – делать, to pay – платить, to eat – есть.

Упражнение 2. Образуйте от приведенных существительных прилага­тельные, используя суффиксы -ful и -less. Переведите на русский язык.

Образец: event – событие: eventful – полный собы­тий, богатый событиями; eventless – бедный событиями.

Use – польза; doubt – сомнение, harm – вред; success – успех; hope – надежда; care – забота, внимание; fruit – плод; help – помощь.

Упражнение 3. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая особое внимание на прилагательные и наречия.

1. They usually use analytical methods. 2. His reasoning is always logical. 3. She has a creative mind. 4. He is a rational man. 5. It is easy to label people or things as «good» or «bad». 6. The paper is predominantly concerned with intuitive func­tions of our mind. 7. The left hemisphere of the brain is predominantly concerned with intellectual functions. 8. Com­putational methods are very useful. 9. We carefully described the relations between a search approach and a reasoning ap­proach. 10. We are mainly concerned with fundamental ques­tions. 11. We shall be concerned with all these questions. 12. They will omit creative aspects of the problem. 13. We shall organize the discussion of the problem in five main directions.

Урок 42.

Предлоги of, to, for и некоторые из их значений. Существительное в роли определения. Правило ряда

Упражнение 1. Переведите словосочетания с предлогом of.

Of sets, of tents, of lifts, of pens, of risks, of desks, of tests, of lenses, of dresses, of steps, of themes, of theo­rems, of things.

Упражнение 2. Переведите словосочетания с предлогом to.

То dogs, to trends, to boxes, to lenses, to hills, to tests, to plans, to texts, to themes, to belts, to things, to steps, to desks.

Упражнение 3. Переведите словосочетания с предлогом for.

For things, for themes, for texts, for boxes, for theorems, for dresses, for sets, for lifts, for pens, for plans.

Упражнение 4. Переведите на русский язык.

Crystal growth, cell growth, control systems, control of systems, search methods, search for methods, a system model, a system of models, the system reaction, system identification, problem determination, a determination problem, problem identification, an identification problem, problem of identifica­tion, a reasoning approach.

Упражнение 5. Переведите словосочетания, уделяя осо­бое внимание первому слову в ряду – прилагательному.

A new control system, complex search methods, an interest­ing system model, a simple identification technique, an ele­mentary game theory, a complicated determination approach, important measurement parameters, the main growth parame­ter, a complex simulation model.

Ho: digital data design, the nearest (ближайший) city approach, the complicated problem solution, complex system design, a large scale map.

Упражнение 6. Переведите словосочетания, иллюстри­рующие правило ряда.

Control system design, digital data design, the system reaction identification, parameter identification methods, the system parameter identification method, our problem determi­nation task, their crystal growth technique, a cell growth rate increase, a product identification problem, a new control sys­tem design, different search approaches, an important control system identification problem, straight line motion, different parameter identification methods, a number of general stimula­tion programs.

Упражнение 7. Переведите на русский язык, используя правило ряда.

1. They used the temperature control system. 2. The paper aims at the development of a search approach. 3. The paper omits the problem of system identification. 4. A cell growth increase is a factor in the test. 5. We shall focus on a new crystal growth method. 6. They used an elementary game theory. 7. We shall organize discussion of the important measurement param­eters. 8. You may use any control system design method. 9. They omitted the identification approach. 10. We use different system models. 11. They solved the parameter identification problem. 12. We shall use cold light source lamps. 13. The problem identification task is of great importance. 14. This parameter determination method is of great help. 15. Their control system design is of interest.

Урок 43.

Суффиксы существительных -er (-or), -ist, -ian, -ity, -ing, -hood, -ment, -ness, -y, -th, -ant, -ism, -ure, -ship

Практические задания

Упражнение 1. Дайте русские эквиваленты.

A collector, a selector, a container, a protector, an inventor, a reporter, a composer, a producer, a fixer, a maker, a worker, a flyer, a doer, a writer, a recorder, a reader, a killer, a racer, a player, a computer, a specialist, a naturalist, a scientist, a chemist, an economist, a botanist, a moralist.

Упражнение 2. На основе приведенных глаголов образуйте существи­тельные, используя суффиксы -er, -or, и переведите.

О б р а з е ц: to tell рассказывать – a teller рассказчик.

Суффикс -er: to absorb – абсорбировать, поглощать; to advise – советовать, консульти­ровать; to compute – вычислять; to point – указывать; to produce – произво­дить, вызывать; to report – сообщать, доклады­вать; to design – проектировать, конструиро­вать; to restore – реставрировать, восстанавли­вать; to run – бежать; to test – проверять, испытывать.

Суффикс -or: to act – действовать; to correct – исправлять; to inspect – инспектиро­вать; to invent – изобретать; to operate – работать, действовать, управлять; to select – отбирать, сортировать.

Упражнение 3. Переведите на русский язык.

Суффикс -(i)an: historian, arithmetician, statistician, politician, pho­netician, librarian (library – библиотека), tragedian (tragedy – трагедия), come­dian (comedy – комедия).

Суффикс -ity: simplicity (simple – простой), similarity (similar – подобный), selectivity (to select – отбирать), complexity (com­plex – сложный), certainty (certain – определен­ный), relativity (relative – относительный), con­ductivity (to conduct – проводить).

Суффикс -ing: writings (to write – писать), finding (to find – находить), coming (to come – приходить), going (to go – ходить), planning (to plan – планировать).

Суффикс -hood: fatherhood (father – отец), brotherhood (brother – брат), serfhood (serf - крепостной, раб), neighborhood (neigh­bour – сосед).

Суффикс -ment movement (to move – дви­гаться), equipment (to equip – оборудовать), requirement (to require – требовать), agree­ment (to agree – соглашаться), measurement (to measure – измерять), development (to develop – развивать), improvement (to improve – улучшать), treatment (to treat – трактовать, обрабатывать).

Суффикс -ness (основной русский эквивалент -ость): emptiness (empty – пустой), weakness (weak – слабый), usefulness (useful – полезный), readiness (ready – готовый), effectiveness (effective – эффективный).

Суффиксы -у; -th; -ant; -ism; -ure: discovery (to discover – открывать), strength (strong – сильный), truth (true – истинный), growth (to grow – расти), chemist, physicist, capitalist, economist, scientist (science – наука), meteorologist, assistant, ser­vant (to serve – служить), exposure (to expose – выдерживать (на свету), выставлять).

Суффикс -ship: leadership (to lead – вести), citizenship (citizen – гражданин), dictatorship (dictator – диктатор).

Упражнение 4. Переведите, уделяя особое внимание существитель­ным.

1. Beggars cannot be choosers. 2. The impossibility of such a simplification is obvious. 3. Clearliness is next to godliness. 4. Death is the great leveller. 5. Idleness is the mother of all evil. 6. Overdocumentation has two dangers. 7. There are times when the weak can help the strong. 8. Two wrongs do not make a right. 9. They have the same likes and the same dislikes. 10. The capacity to select the important from the many is also necessary. 11. The wheres and whens are very important.

Урок 44.

Суффиксы прилагательных -able (-ible), -ent, -ant, -ate, -y, -ed. Суффиксы глаголов -ate, -ize, -ify, -en.

Практические задания

Упражнение 1. Образуйте прилагательные, используя суффиксы, и переведите на русский язык.

Суффикс -able. То obtain - получать; to accept - прини­мать; to depend - зависеть; to support поддерживать; to test испытывать; to avoid - избегать; to correct - исправлять; to realize - осознать, реализовать; to prove - доказывать; to measure - изме­рять; to modify - видоизменять; to identify - идентифицировать.

Суффикс -ible: to express - выражать, to reduce - уменьшать, to compress - сжимать, to re­verse - перевертывать.

Суффикс -у. Образуйте прилагательные: hair - воло­сы; rain - дождь; fun - веселье, радость; snow.

Суффикс -еd: roof - крыша, ice - лед, culture - культура, grass - трава.

Суффиксы -ent, -ant, -ate. Переведите следу­ющие прилагательные: dependent; convenient; efficient; consequent; evident; frequent; relevant; accurate; adequate.

Упражнение 2. Подберите русские эквиваленты про­изводным словам.

mathematics –; mathematician –; mathematical –;

biology –; biological –; biolo­gist –; biologically –;

to change – изменять; to exchange –; changable –;

difficult – трудный, difficulty –;

to remain – оставаться; remainder –;

valid – имеющий силу, правильный; validity –; invalid –; invalidity –;

to regret – сожалеть, regrettable –;

to inform – информировать, information –; informed –;

experiment – to experiment –; experimen­tation –; experimenter –;

to cover – покрывать, охватывать, to discover –; to rediscover –;

certain – определенный, некоторый, certainly –; certainty –.

Упражнение 3. Переведите, уделяя особое внимание прилагатель­ным.

Запомните: Глагол to ask имеет разные значе­ния: спрашивать (to ask a question); спрашивать, хотеть видеть (Не is asking for you – Он хочет тебя видеть); попросить (to ask a favour – попросить об одолжении); требовать (It asks (for) attention – Это требует внимания) et al. - и другие.

1. Lucky at card, unlucky in love. 2. Propositions may be askable or unaskable. 3. These data are rather unreliable. 4. This protects us from unnecessary or inappropriate details. 5. There is a possibility that this search will prove fruitless. 6. In this case high accuracy is obtainable. 7. A related article by Brown et al. is concerned with manufacturing. 8. Such an accuracy is an unattainable ideal.

Упражнение 4. Переведите на русский язык.

Суффикс -ate: to indicate, to demonstrate, to calculate, to cultivate, to communicate, to dictate, to illus­trate, to operate.

Суффикс -ize: to utilize, to modularize, to initialize, to stabilize, to real­ize, to synthesize, to decentralize, to idealize, to localize, to minimize, to specialize.

Суффикс -ify: to satisfy, to classify, to identify, to modify, to specify, to intensify;

Суффикс -en: to harden (hard – твердый, жест­кий), to quicken (quick – быстрый), to soften (soft – мягкий), to whiten (white – белый), to shorten (short – короткий), to lengthen (length – длина), to blacken (black – черный), to sharpen (sharp – острый), to strengthen (strength – сила), to thicken (thick – толстый, густой), to deepen (deep – глубокий).

Урок 45.

Префиксы глаголов en-, re-, be-. . Отрицательные префиксы in- (im-, il-, ir-), un-, поп-; префиксы post-, super-

Практические задания

Упражнение 1. Образуйте новые слова, используя префиксы, и пере­ведите на русский язык.

Префикс in-: complete - полный, edible - съедобный, correct - правильный, capable - способный, accurate - точный, правильный, visible - видимый, flexible - гибкий.

Префикс im-: possible - возможный, perfect - совершенный, probable - вероятный, pure - чистый, precise - точный, practical - практический, mobile – подвижный, мобильный.

Префикс ir-: relevant - относящийся к делу, regular - регулярный, respective - соответ­ственный, responsible - ответственный.

Префикс il-: legal - легальный, liberal - терпимый, либеральный, literate - грамотный.

Префикс un-: stable - устойчивый, fair - справедливый, familiar - знакомый, to freeze - замораживать, to fix - закреплять, fit – годный, foreseen - предвиденный, to hang - вешать, heard - слышный.

Префикс post-: war - война, glacial - ледниковый.

Префикс super-: dense - плотный, sonic - звуковой, heavy - тяже­лый, natural - естественный, speed - скорость, conductor - проводник.

Упражнение 2. Дайте значение производных слов.

То describe – описывать, description –; neces­sary – необходимый, necessarily –; happy – счастливый, unhappy –; child – ребенок, childhood –; to educate – давать образование, воспитывать, education –; bitter – горький, резкий (о словах), bitter­ly –; courage – храбрость, смелость, отвага, to encourage –; to discourage –; to improve – улуч­шать, improved –; improvement –; to speak –, speaker –; great – великий, greatness –; good –, goodness –; sound – звук, to sound –; to verify – проверять, подтверждать, verifiable –; verification –.

Упражнение 3. Прочитайте и переведите предложения.

1. The usefulness of the method is unquestionable. 2. Most (большинство) people can question the uncertain, only few can question the obvious. 3. The process is unacceptably slow. 4. The artificiality of this theory and the inadequacy of the evidence are obvious. 5. They attempted to restore the postwar structure. 6. Sufficient data to make a relative reproducibility comparison are not available. 7. Misfortunes never come singly. 8. The inclination toward independent thought can easily be stunted (может быть заторможено) by overspecialization.