III. Answer the questions:

1. Why did the US government begin to make laws to control immigration after 1882?

2. What do immigration policies spell out?

3. Which state bodies set force the immigration and border control policies?

4. What state body or service are the immigration functions handled by?

5. What categories of immigrants are specified by the US law?

6. What category of immigrants receives protection under US law?

7. How can illegal immigrants be handled by US law?

8. Which people fall under the category of non-immigrant and how are they treated?

9. How are the restrictions on immigration being tightened now?

10. What measures are employed by the American government to deter terrorism and ensure visa compliance?

The Motorist and the Law

I. Study the vocabulary:

Specification- технічні характеристики

To be maintained - надавати сервісне обслуговування

To be adjusted - бути пристосованим

To commit on offence- скоювати правопорушення

On offence of « strict liability »- тяжке правопорушення

To be unaware- не знати

To fail - не зробити

To be prosecuted - переслідуватись у судовому порядку

То be liable -бути відповідальним

A penalty - покарання

То avoid - уникати

Endorsement of (on) a driving -

License - права

Obligatory - обов'язковий

Discretionary - за рішенням суду

Disqualification - позбавлення прав

То establish in court - довести у суді

То be subject to smth - підпорядковуватись

To cover liability for causing death - покривати збитки спричинені смертю

П. Read and learn the text of the topic:

Legal regulations now govern not only the use of motor vehicles, but then construction by the manufacture as well. Much of the equipment is compulsory for example safety belts, interior mirrors, reflectors and indicators, exhaust systems and so on. But the regulations also provide specification of the equipment: brakes must be maintained in good and efficient working order, headlights must be properly adjusted, and tires must be suitable for the vehicle. Generally if any item of essential equipment of a car is corroded, work down, wrongly fitted or sometimes even dirty, an offence will usually have been committed. Using a car with defective breaks is an offence of « strict liability ». Even if the motorist is unaware that a bulb has failed in the course of a journey, he can still be prosecuted. Not only the driver of the vehicle is liable but anyone who «causes or permits» the vehicle to be used. The penalties are serious, as disqualification is discretionary and endorsement has to be ordered. An endorsement can, however, be avoided if the driver establishes in court that he had no reason to believe that he defect existed. The construction and use regulations provide that no vehicle can be used on a road in such a condition that it causes danger to other road users. Drivers can have their cars subjected to random checks for defects by «authorized examiners » who are usually specially trained police officers. Penalty for refusal is a fine.

Using or allowing a vehicle to be used without insurance cover is an offence of strict liability as anyone who uses a motor vehicle on a road must have an insurance certificate covering liability for causing death or bodily injury as a result of the use a vehicle. The court treats uninsured use seriously. Disqualification is discretionary and endorsement is obligatory.