I.1. Transpositions.

A transposition as a type of translating transformation that means the change of arrangement (sequence order) of linguistic elements in the text of translation in comparison with the target language text. The words, word-combinations, parts of compound sentence and independent sentences in the structure of a text are the elements that can be exposed to transposition. The transpositions are caused by the whole range of reasons. The main reason of it is distinction in the structure of the sentence in the English and Ukrainian languages.

The English sentence, as a rule, begins from a subject (or group of subjects), then a predicate (or group of predicates) follows, i.e. the main is the center of report. The secondary information of place adverbials and adverbials modifier of time is placed in the end.

The order of words of the Ukrainian sentence is different as the secondary part of a sentence (place adverbials and adverbials modifier of time stand in the first place, then a predicate follows by them and the subject reserves the place at the end). It has to be taken into account during translation. This phenomenon is known under the name of «communicative partition of the sentence».

The most usual case of transposition is the change of order of words and word-combinations in the structure of a sentence, which is related to the communicative partition. For example:

Molasses buckets appeared from nowhere.

Невідомо звідки з’явились відерця з-під патоки.

Sometimes in the process of translation there is a transposition of that or the other word from one sentence into the other one, as, for example, in the following case:

...I put on this hat that I’d bought in New York that morning. It was this red hunting hat, with one of those very, very long peaks.

Я надів червоний капелюх, який вранці купив у Нью-Йорку. Це був мисливський капелюх, з дуже-дуже довгим козирком.

The possibility of such transference is conditioned by the repetition of noun «капелюх», to which the moved adjective «червоний» related in two contiguous sentences.

During translation the phenomenon of changing the order of following of the parts of difficult sentence both the main clause and subordinate one often takes place. For example:

If he ever gets married, his own wife’ll probably call him «Ackley».

Мабуть, і дружина буде називати його «Еклі» – якщо він коли-небудь одружиться.

In the English text the subordinate clause precedes to the main one, in Ukrainian translation the situation is vice versa, as the main clause precedes to the dependent one. There are the opposite cases as well.

Finally, as it was indicated, the independent sentences in the composition of a text can be subjected to transposition. For example:

«You goin’ to court this morning?» asked Jem. We had strolled over.

Ми вже прийшли. – «Ви в суд підете?» – спитав Джим.

In this case, the necessity of transposition is caused by the form of Past Perfect in the second clause of the English text that expresses the meaning of precedence of the given action to the action designated in the first sentence. As the Ukrainian form «прийшли» does not express this meaning, saving of the initial sequence order of the sentences in translation would result in semantic distortion (the action designated by a verb «прийшли», would be perceived as subsequent, but no preceding to the action designated by a verb «спитав») that causes the necessity of transposition of the sentences.

Transpositions, as the type of translating transformation is met very often, however, usually they are accompanied by transformations of the other character, in particular, by replacements, the examples of which will be given below.