II.1. Specification.

The specification is the replacement of the words or word-combinations of the source language with more wide meaning by the words or word-combinations of the target language with narrower meaning. As a rule, the greater specification is peculiar to the vocabulary of the Ukrainian language, than to the corresponding proper lexical units of the English one.

The specification can be linguistic and contextual one. At linguistic specification the replacement of a word with the wide meaning by a word with narrower meaning is conditioned by the divergences in the structure of two languages, in particular, by either the absence of the lexical unit of the target language, that have as wide meaning, as the lexical unit of the source language, or divergences in their stylistic descriptions, or requirements of grammatical order (by the necessity of syntactic transformation of a sentence, in particular, replacements of the nominal predicate by the verbal one).

The verbs of motion and verbs of speech are specified during translation into Ukrainian, such as «be, have, get, take, give, make, say, come, go» etc. For example:

The by-election victory went to the Labour candidate.	На додаткових виборах перемога дісталась лейбористам (Перемогу отримав кандидат від лейбористської партії).
The rain came in torrents.	Полив сильний дощ.
«So what?» – I said.	«Ну так що ж?» – спитав я.
Не told me to come right over, if I felt like it.	Звелів хоч зараз приходити, якщо потрібно.

These are the examples of transformation of the Ukrainian nominal predicate into English verbal one, which usually requires specification of verb «to be», for example:

Не is at school	Він навчається у школі.
Не is in the Army.	Він служить в армії.
The concert was on Sunday.	Концерт відбувся в неділю.

In regard to the contextual specification, it is conditioned by the factors of the given concrete context, most frequently, by the stylistic consideration, as, for example, the necessity of completeness of phrase, aspiration to evade the repetitions, to attain a greater figurativeness etc. For example:

You could hear him putting away his toilet articles.

Було чутно, як він прибирає мильниці і щітки.

II.2. Generalization.

The device of generalization is opposed to specification, as it consists in replacement of the particular by the general one, the specific notion by the gender one. During translation from English into Ukrainian it is used much rarer, than a specification. It is related to the feature of the English vocabulary.

The words of this language have abstract character more frequently, than the Ukrainian words that belong to the same notion. For example:

Не comes over and visits me practically every weekend.	Він часто до мене приїжджає, майже кожного тижня.
The bird went up and circled again.	Орел піднявся вище і знову почав робити кола.