- •Передмова
- •Contents:
- •I. Language and Extralinguistic World
- •II. Language as a Means of Communication
- •III. Translation Definitions
- •IV. Translation Varieties
- •It is possible to mark out the following problems of translation:
- •It is acceptable to define several essential measures that are accomplished by using the consecutive translation:
- •In comparison with the synchronous translation several advantages of the consecutive translation can be outlined:
- •In practice there are three varieties of simultaneous translation, that are related to to different types of translation:
- •In comparison with the consecutive translation such the advantages of the simultaneous translation can be named:
- •V. Basic Theories of Translation
- •VI. Stylization in the Process of Translation
- •VII. Stylistic Devices of Translation
- •The name of people is substituted by the name of a city or country:
- •VIII. Lexical Devices of Translation
- •Word-building:
- •Borrowings from the other languages.
- •Substitution that is dictated by social rules and substitution by Phraseological units.
- •IX. Transformations in translation
- •I.1. Transpositions.
- •I.2. Replacements.
- •II.1. Specification.
- •II.2. Generalization.
- •II.3. The method of lexical addition.
- •II.4. The method of omission.
- •II.5. The method of semantic development.
- •II.6. The method of integral transformation.
- •II.7. The method of compensation.
- •X. Translation of Phraseological Units
- •From Greek mythology:
- •4. From the contemporary literary or historical source relating to different languages (mainly to French, Spanish, Danish, German, Italian, Arabic):
- •XII. Translation of Proverbs and Sayings
- •XIII. Translation of Nationally Biased Lexicon
- •In the plane of one language:
- •In the plane of two languages:
- •1) On the character of text.
- •2) On importance of the nationally biased lexicon in a context.
- •3) On the character of the nationally biased lexicon.
- •4) On the source language or the target one.
- •5) On a reader of translation.
- •XIV. Literary Translation
- •XV. Translation of Poetry
- •Whether ‘tis nobler in the mind to suffer
- •W. Shakespeare «Sonnet lxvi».
- •Я кличу смерть – дивитися набридло
- •Я кличу смерть, нестерпне вже буття,
- •Озимандіас
- •Озимандія
- •Озимандія
- •Bibliography:
II.3. The method of lexical addition.
Both lexical and grammatical transformations quite often require bringing the additional words in. Introduction of additional words is conditioned by the range of reasons, such as by distinctions in the structure of a sentence and by the circumstance that more compressed English sentences require more detailed expression of thought in the Ukrainian language. The absence of the corresponding word or proper lexical and semantic variant of the given word is the reason of introduction of additional words during translation as well. For example:
«Wouldn’t you like a cup of hot chocolate before you go?» |
«Чи не вип’єш чашку гарячого шоколаду на дорогу?» |
The conductor came around for old Mrs Morrow’s ticket. |
Увійшов кондуктор перевіряти білет у місіс Морроу. |
Additions in the process of translation can be caused by the other reasons too. One of them is the syntactic reorganization of the structure of a sentence during translation, when it is sometimes required to bring these or the other elements in sentence. So, it is sometimes necessary to bring the subject in that is absent if the source language text, during translation into English for the transmission of «the communicative partition of a sentence». For example:
In 1958 that orchestra made its first recordings. |
В 1958 році були зроблені перші записи. |
The noun-subject, added in the English sentences, is determined by the factors of wide context. It is possible to evade additions in these cases, but it would demand the use of passive construction in translation, that would make heavier the English text stylistically.
Frequently, the lexical additions are conditioned by the necessity of transmission in the text of translation of the meanings expressed in the original text by the grammatical devices, for example, at the transmission of the English plural forms of nouns that have no this form in Ukrainian. For example:
Workers of all industries |
Робітники всіх галузей промисловості |
Defenses |
Оборонні споруди |
There are other philosophies of the past which give strong support to the Humanist position. |
Існують і інші філософські напрями (або: течії, теорії) минулого, які надають рішучу підтримку концепції гуманізму. |
The special difficulty is presented by the attributive combinations that consist of combinations of «noun + noun», and «adjective + noun» as well. The latter has a terminology character. For example:
Pay claim (pay offer) |
Вимога (пропозиція) підвищити заробітну плату |
Wage strike |
Страйк з вимогою підвищення заробітної плати |
Oil countries |
Країни – виробники нафти |
The correct choice of the semantic component that is added into Ukrainian translation requires knowledge of extralinguistic factors. Sometimes additions turn out to by conditioned by the stylistic considerations properly. For example:
She never used scent, and she had always thought it rather fast, but Eau de Cologne was so refreshing. |
Вона ніколи не душилась, вважаючи це ознакою відомої легковажності, але парфуми – інша справа, вони так приємно освіжають. |