Practical tasks and exercises

1. Make the morphemic analysis of the following words. Translate the words into Ukrainian.

act, ailment, air, asymmetry, conclude, democratic, disturbance, drawback, eatable, eliminate, everydayness, expressionless, eyelet, fact, foretell, governmental, illegal, illumination, illumine, illustrate, immeasurable, immovable, inflammability, innovation, irrelevance, landmark, matter-of-factness, monopolize.

2. Classify the stems of the words given below into simple, derived, compound; free, bound, semi-bound.

Refinery, dispatcher, intake, movement, delivery, headquarters, trunkline, document, unmanned, dusty, enrich, fashionmonger, foolishness, foresee, furnitureless, gladden, grannulate, headachy, homeless, hyperslow, irresponsibility, kind-heartedness, look, old-maidish, playwright, purify, reddish, resist, rewrite, shock-proof, shoemaker, small, snow-whiteness, sunflower, take, truckload, trustworthy, discharge, breakout, shippers, pipelining, technicians, unbutton.

3. Analyze the structure of the following words on the derivational and morphemic levels, use the method of ic and uc analysis:

incapable, long-term, policy-maker, wonderful, well-organized, two-faced, smarten, ladyhood, blue-eyed, consignment.

4. Name the nouns formed with the following suffixes. State which of the suffixes are productive: -tion, -dom, -ness, -ism, -ship, -er, -ist, -th, -ige. Lecture 5. Word-formation

Various ways of forming words

§ 1. Various Types and Ways of Forming Words

The available linguistic literature on the subject cites various types and ways of forming words. Earlier books, articles and monographs on word-formation and vocabulary growth in general both in the Russian language and in foreign languages, in the English language in particular, used to mention morphological, syntactic and lexico-semantic types of word-formation. At present the classifications of the types of word-formation do not, as a rule, include lexico-semantic word-building.

§ 2. Word-formation. Definition.

Word-formation is the system of derivative types of words and the process of creating new words from the material available in the language after certain structural and semantic formulas and patterns. For instance, the noun driver is formed after the pattern v+ -er, i.e. a verbal stem +the noun-forming suffix -er. The meaning of the derived noun driver is related to the meaning of the stem drive- ‘to direct the course of a vehicle’ and the suffix -er meaning ‘an active agent’: a driver is ‘one who drives’ (a carriage, motorcar, railway engine, etc.).

In conformity with structural types of words described above the following two types of word-formation may be distinguished, word-derivation and word-composition (or compounding). Words created by word-derivation have in terms of word-formation analysis only one derivational base and one derivational affix, e.g. cleanness (from clean), to overestimate (from to estimate), chairmanship (from chairman), openhandedness (from openhanded), etc. Some derived words have no derivational affixes, because derivation is achieved through conversion, e.g. to paper (from paper), a fall (from to fall), etc. Words created by word-composition have at least two bases, e.g. lamp-shade, ice-cold, looking-glass, daydream, hotbed, speedometer, etc.

Within the types, further distinction may be made between the ways of forming words. The basic ways of forming words in word-derivatiоn, for instance, are affixation and conversion.