Exercises:

1.Find words in the box with opposite meanings. Look at B and C to help you.

adequate unlikely mild common insidious for against severe rare sudden inadequate likely

bone differential insidious iron pernicious progressively vibration

diagnosis sense onset marrow increasing deficiency anaemia

2.Make word combinations using a word from each box. Look at B and C to help you.

3.Complete the sentences. Look at A, B and C to help you.

1. A 39-year-old man presented with a history of ……………………. abdominal distention over a period of six months.

2. Blindness may be caused by vitamin A ………………… .

3. The bleeding and purpura are caused by abnormal ………………. function.

4. The white cell count is normal so we can ……………… acute leukaemia.

5. The yellow colour of her skin and conjunctivae is probably due to …………………. .

6. There was a …………….. mass in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen.

7. Treatment is aimed at restoring fluid balance with ……………………. intravenous fluids.

8. The anaemia may be due to increased red cell …………………. .

4.Complete the conversation. Look at C to help you.

Professor: What is against the diagnosis of pernicious anaemia on physical examination?

Student: The problem started quite suddenly. So it didn't have the typical (1) ……………..…………………….. . He doesn't have any skin (2) …………….……. and he doesn't have (3) …….………….. paraesthesiae, or absent (4) ……………………. sense, and I couldn't feel his spleen.

Professor: What about his tongue?

Student: His tongue was normal and not inflamed or (5) ……………… .

platelet [ˊpleıtlıt] кровяная пластинка

anaemia [ә'nı:mjә]

pernicious [pә:ˊnıʃәs] злокачественный

mucosa – слизистая оболочка

ataxia [ә'tæksıә] атаксия, неспособность к координации мышц

distension – растяжение, процесс/ состояние расширения или вздутия

purpura - пyрпура (кровоизлияние в кожу)

U nit 8 Bones

Bones

Some common English names for bones:

English name	Anatomical name	Russian name
skull	cranium /`kreınjǝm/	череп
jaw bone	mandible /`mændıbl/	нижняя челюсть
spine	vertebral column	позвоночник
breastbone	sternum /`stǝ:nǝm/	грудина
rib	costa	ребро
collarbone	clavicle /`klævıkl/	ключица
shoulder blade	scapula /`skæpjulǝ/	лопатка
thigh bone	femur /`fɪ:mǝ/	бедро
knee cap	patella	коленная чашечка
shinbone	tibia /`tıbıǝ/ fibula /`fɪbjulǝ/	большеберцовая кость малоберцовая кость

Fractures

A fracture is a break in a bone. Some of different types of fracture:

greenstick displaced comminuted impacted open(compound)

A pathological fracture is a fracture in a diseased bone. A fatigue or stress fracture is due to repeated minor trauma, for example long-distance marching or running.

Treatment of fractures

W hen the fragments of a broken bone heal and join together, they unite. Union may be promoted, or helped, by reducing the fracture — replacing the fragments in their anatomical position if the are displaced. After reduction, excessive movement of the broken bone is prevented by fixation — either, for example a splint or a plaster of Paris cast, or internal, for example a pin or plate and screws. A displaced fracture which is not reduced may result in malunion — incomplete or incorrect union.

Note: The verb reduce has several meanings in medicine:

● to make smaller — I think we’d better reduce the dose of your tablets.

● (in surgery) to return to anatomical position — A hernia can normally be reduced by manipulation.

● (in chemistry) to remove oxygen or add hydrogen — Nitric acid is a reducing agent(восстановитель)

to reduce — вправлять(вывих)

исправлять положение обломков кости