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ТЕКСТ 1

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Everybody must know how to give the first aid. The first aid saves many lives. The first aid is the help which you give to an injured person. You must know different methods of helping in accidents. When you give the first aid you must be calm and act without panic.

ТЕКСТ 2

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EXERCISES.

Daily exercises are very important. Physically inactive people feel refreshed and look well. A weak man tires quickly. Do your daily exercises and you will have poor posture. Poor posture lifts spirits. Exercises do not strengthen nervous system. Go in for sports and you will be healthy.

ТЕКСТ3

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V I T A M I N S

Vitamins play a very important role in human health. Overdosage of some vitamins may be harmful, so people must take normal doses of vitamins.

When the winter months come your food becomes poor of vitamins.

Winter is the time for virus infections, colds and flu and your resistance is especially low. Take vitamins A, D,C every day. They are often called winter vitamins.

ТЕКСТ 4

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FEVER

Fever is the rise of the body temperature above normal. The symptoms of high temperature are headache, aches all over the body, red face, hot dry skin, loss of appetite, quick pulse and breathing.

If the person has fever he must stay in bed and drink plenty of water. The nurse must keep the patient warm. The nurse must give him more blankets and hot drinks. When the patient is sweating replace the damp bed clothes as quickly as possible and dress the patient in a clean warm bed gown or pyjamas. When the temperature is normal the patient may sit in the bed and then have a shot walk

TEXT 5

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FRACTURES

fracture – перелом to move – двигать

to break (broke, broken)- ломать swelling -bone – кость to appear – появляться splint - шина

closed – закрытый to bind – перевязывать

opened – открытый laster cast – гипсовая повязка

to complain – жаловаться

The word “fracture” means a break in a bone. There are two kinds of fractures: closed and open.

In a closed fracture there is no wound on the skin.In an open fracture there is a wound. Open fractures are more serious than closed ones.

If a person breaks his arm or leg he complains of pain in the place of the break. The pain becomes more severe if he presses the place or tries to move.

Swelling appears quickly. Do not let the person move. Use a splint for the broken limb. Bind the splints to the limb but not at the place of the fracture.

Doctors use X- rays to see the break and put plaster casts on the broken limbs.

TEXT 6

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PNEUMONIA

pneumonia- воспаление легких

painful - болезненный

lushed - покрасневшее

delirium – бред

Pneumonia begins suddenly. In most cases the temperature rises quickly. The pulse and breathing are fast. Cough begins early and at first is dry and painful. The patient feels ill, has a flushed face and dry tongue.

In severe cases there may be delirium. A patient in delirium is very restless and the nurse must pay special attention to such patients.

Patients with pneumonia need rest and sleep. The best position for a patient is half – sitting. Fresh air is very important. Give such patients much drink. The diet must be light.

TEXT 7

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MEASLES

measles - корь

sign - знак, признак

dislike - неприязнь. отвращение

hygiene - гигиена

moist - влажный

Measles is a very infectious disease. The disease passes from one child to another. The first symptoms are: sneezing and coughing. The disease begins with sings of a heavy cold, a running nose and a dry cough. The temperature is high and the child has a dislike of the light.

The rash appears on the third or fourth day behind the ears and around the mouth and then covers the body.

The nurse must be very careful to prevent the spread of infection. The nurse must take care of the hygiene of the mouth. The patient's mouth and lips must be clean and moist.

TEXT 8

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HOW TO TAKE THE PULSE.

A nurse looks after her patients in the daytime or at night and can see any changes in the patient’s condition. Many of the changes are very important. The nurse must be careful when she takes the patient’s pulse. It is not difficult to take the pulse. Put three fingers of the left hand over the radial artery. Many patients are nervous when they see a nurse or a doctor and the patient’s pulse is faster.

That’s why the nurse must wait a few seconds before she begins to count the pulse. If the nurse sees any changes in the beating of the pulse she must immediately tell the doctor.

Changes in the pulse are very important.

REMEMBER: When you take the pulse you must note;

1. If it is deep or shallow

2. The rate

3. The strength of the beating

4. The rhythm.

TEXT 9

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JAPAN

Since civilization spread from China to Korea and later to Japan, both China and Korea exercised a marked influence on the development of the healing arts of their neighbor to the east. In the sixth century came a development in the medical arts in Japan.

The development supervised all medical education, and students were trained at government expense. The course of study was divided into areas that reflected the four recognized medical specialties: internal medicine, surgery, pediatric and oto – ophthalmo – stomatology.

TEXT 10

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THE EGYPTIANS

The practice of medicine in Egypt was clearly established as long as 4600 years ago. Soon doctors began to specialize in healing certain parts of the body and certain organ systems. More than 2000 years later Herodotus, a Greek historian of the fifth century B.C., described this same specialization from his own observation: “ The practice of medicine is so divided among them that each physician is a healer of one disease and more. All the country is full of physicians, some of the eyes, some of the teeth, some of what pertains to the belly and some of the hidden diseases.”

One of the principal causes of disease among the early Egyptians was the coarse diet consumed by the rich and poor alike. Grain for bread, a principal staple, was ground on rough stones, and during the process numerous small particles of grit became incorporated into the flour. In addition, since the early Egyptian diet was principally vegetarian, and since the soil was very sandy, much grit was consumed in the main dishes as well.

TEXT 11

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THE INCAS

Also a highly developed people, the Incas dominated the Peruvian highlands and spread out along the coast in the early 1400s. They conquered other peoples and like the Aztecs, absorbed the lore adopted the practices of those they dominated. They themselves were brutally conquered by Francisco Pizarro in 1533, and much of their culture was destroyed.

Their treatment of disease was closely linked to their religious beliefs, and magic was intermingled with their attempts at rational therapeutics. Thus, though illness was looked upon as a sin that could be expiated only upon confession to priests, numerous herbal remedies were resorted to.

TEXT 12

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MEDICINE IN THE MIDDLE AGES

A very important development during the Middle Ages was the hospital. Hospitals appeared in Ceylon early in the fifth century B.C.and in India in 260 B.C. hospitals were founded during the Middle Ages in Italy, England, France, and other European countries.

The number of hospital beds was not always an indication of hospital size, usually great beds were used and four – six patients were put on the bed.

Hospitals were founded to treat the sick people. Another development during the Middle Ages was foundation of Universities. Many of the great European Universities were founded during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Biological sciences were taught in the universities. Students also studied the human body and some diseases.

TEXT 13

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ROBERT KOCH

Robert Koch was a prominent German bacteriologist, the founder of modern microbiology. He was born in 1843, died in 1910. Koch carried on many experiments on mice in a small laboratory.

In 1882 Koch discovered tuberculosis bacilli. In his report made in the Berlin Physiological Society Koch described the morphology of tuberculosis bacilli and the ways to reveal them. His discovery made him known all over the world. In 1884 Koch published his look on cholera. He included all the investigations during the cholera epidemic in Egypt and India into his book. Koch isolated a small comma – shaped bacterium. He determined that these bacteria spread through drinking water. In 1905 Koch got the Nobel Prize for this important scientific discoveries.

TEXT 14

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PROTEINS, MINERALS, VITAMINS

Protein is a component of every body cell and important for building the material blood supply. Protein also is necessary for fetal hair, skin, muscle, nerve tissue and brain development. Women need approximately 10 more grams of protein daily – a total of 60 grams a day – during the pregnancy.

Minerals. Calcium and phosphorus are important minerals in fetal – bone development, a pregnant woman requires 1.200 mg of calcium and phosphorus daily. This is a 50 increase over what a woman needed before she became pregnant. Dairy products are excellent sources of both calcium and phosphorus, as well as of vitamin D which is necessary for calcium absorption.

Zinc is another mineral needed for fetal growth and development. Good food sources of zinc include meat, liver, eggs, seafood.

Iron builds maternal blood volume and fetal blood and muscle.

Many women enter pregnancy with low iron stores, resulting in anemia. Foods rich in iron include red meat, especially liver, raisins and fortified breads and cereals.

Vitamins. Folic acid is a vitamin important in protein metabolism, particularly in periods of rapid growth. Pregnant women should start the day with a good breakfast. Fortified ready – to eat cereal with milk and a glass of orange juice will provide at least half needs. Green leafy vegetables, liver and lentils are other good sources of folic acid.

TEXT 15

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SOME RULES FOR DRUG TAKING

If medicine is taken incorrectly, it may actually cause harm. As a rule, the prescription contains information about dosage, doses, time for taking it and the way of taking. But some patients do not always follow the prescribed instructions. Here some rules for drug taking:

1. Some medicines taken after meal can lose their affect. Hence pharmacological therapy follows this general rule: medicines having an organic structure should be taken one – half hour to one hour before meal – time.

2. Non – acid – resisting antibiotics (ampicillin, penicillin) and other medicines should be taken with acidic juices or drinks containing alcohol.

TEXT 16

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TEETH

The first teeth erupt between 6 to 9 months. These are the lower central incisors. The gums look a bit swollen for a few days, and then tiny white spot appears, which is the tooth.

Over the next 3 – 4 month the teeth erupt with great rapidly the lower central pair, the upper central pair and then two more on either side in the lower and upper haws – making a total of 8 incisors. The rest of the teeth erupt in the manner shown in the table bellow, till the baby has 20 teeth.

Central incisors - 6 to 8 months

Lateral incisors - 8 to 12 months

First moral - 12 to 18 months

Cuspids - 16 to 20 months

Second moral - 20 to 30 months

The entire set of 20 teeth erupt by the age of 2.5 years. These are primary teeth.

TEXT 17

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MEDICAL SERVICE IN THE U.S.A.

In the USA there are three levels of organization of medical service: the private doctor, the medical institution or hospital and the United State Public Health Service.

The average American has a doctor of his own, whom he calls his “family doctor”. This doctor gives the patient regular examinations, vaccinations and medical advice. This doctor receives pay directly from the patient.

But some Americans with low income have no family doctor. They come directly to the hospital for all their medical needs.

Here they are cared for interns, residents and the doctors who work there.

The considerable cost of medical care has led to the development of two new programs by the Federal Government – Medicare and Medicaid. Medicare provides free medical care for all the Americans over 65. Medicaid provides free medical care for all those whose income is below a certain level.

TEXT 18

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HEALTH SERVICE IN ENGLAND.

The National Service in England was inaugurated on July 5, 1948 by the Minister for Health under the National Health Service Act of 1946.

The number of doctors in England is not quite enough to serve millions of patients treated at the National Health Service. Nurses are also in short supply.

All doctors may take part in the family Doctor System. They may have private practice receiving the pay directly from the patients for their medical advice. Health Service doctors are paid by the government. The pay depends on the number of patients they have served every month. The hospital service includes general and special hospitals, tuberculosis sanatoria, infections disease units and all form of specialized treatment together with the provision of the most surgical and medical needs.

Ib the main this part of the service is organized by 15 Regional Hospital Boards. In each hospital area there is a University having a teaching hospital or a medical school.