II. Тест з читання текстів

Завдання 1.

Інструкція: Прочитайте текст без словника. Виберіть правильний варіант завершення поданих нижче речень відповідно до змісту прочитаного тексту. На окремому бланку для відповідей позначте правильний варіант відповіді. Приклад (0) зроблений для вас.

The earliest dyes

0. Natural dyes can be sorted into three categories: natural dyes obtained from plants (indigo), those obtained from animals (cochineal), and those obtained from minerals (ocher). Although some fabrics such as silk and wool can be colored simply by being dipped in the dye, others such as cotton, require a mordant.

1. A mordant is an element which aids the chemical reaction that takes place between the dye and the fiber so that the dye is absorbed. Containers used for dying must be non-reactive (enamel, stainless steel.) Brass, copper or iron pots will do their own mordanting. Not all dyes need mordants to help them adhere to fabric. If they need no mordants, such as lichens (мох) and walnut hulls (горіхова шкаралупа), they are called substantive dyes (прямі). If they do need a mordant, they are called adjective dyes (протравні).

2. Natural dyes obtained from plants. One example of a natural dye obtained from plants is madder (марена), which is obtained from the roots of the madder plant. The plants are dug up, the roots washed and dried and ground into powder. During the 19th century, the most widely available fabrics were those which had been dyed with madder. The “turkey red” that was so popular at that time, was based on madder. This red was considered brilliant and exotic. The madder plant continued to be used for dyeing until the mid-1800s when a synthetic substitute was developed.

3. Another example of a natural dye obtained from plants is woad (вайда). Until the Middle Ages, Europeans used woad to create a blue fabric dye. The woad was a shrub that grew abundantly in parts of Europe. The coloring was in the leaves, which were dried and ground, mixed with water and made into a paste. This dye was replaced by indigo, an ancient shrub well known to the Egyptians and Indians. Like woad, its color lay in its leaflets and branches.

4. Indigo prevailed as the preferred blue dye for a number of reasons. It is a substantive dye, needing no mordant, yet the color achieved is extremely fast to washing and to light. The manufacture of natural indigo lasted well into the early 1900s. In 1905 Adolf von Baeyer (the scientist who also formulated aspirin) was awarded the Nobel Prize for discovering the molecular structure of indigo, and developing a process to produce it synthetically. The natural dye was quickly replaced by the new synthetic, ending an ancient and honored botanical history.

5. Natural dyes obtained from minerals. Ocher is a dye obtained from an impure earthy ore of iron or a ferruginous clay (залізиста глина), usually red (hematite) or yellow (limonite). Natural dyes obtained from animals. A good example is cochineal (кошеніль), which is a brilliant red dye produced from insects living on cactus plants.

0. Silk and wool can be colored by being dipped in the …

A) dye

B) alkali

C) acids

41. Containers used for dying must be …

A) reactive

B) brass

C) non-reactive

42. Substantive dyes don’t need …

A) acids

B) solutions

C) mordants

43. Europeans used wood to create …

A) a white dye

B) a red dye

C) a blue dye

44. Adolf von Baeyer was awarded the Nobel Prize for discovering the molecular structure of …

A) mordant

B) indigo

C) ocher

45. Cochineal is a brilliant red dye produced from ...

A) plants

B) wood

C) insects

Завдання 2. Інструкція. Визначте правильність / неправильність поданого твердження відповідно змісту прочитаного тексту. Виберіть Т (твердження правильне) та F (твердження неправильне). Напишіть ваші відповіді на бланку.

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0. Cotton can be coloured only mordant.

46. All fabrics can be colored simply by being dipped in the dye.

47. Madder is obtained from the berries of the madder plant.

48. Natural dyes can be obtained from plants only.

49. Indigo can be obtained only synthetically.

50. Ocher is a dye obtained from a ferruginous clay.

Завдання 3.

Інструкція: За списком заголовків, поданих нижче (A - H), підберіть назву до кожної частини тексту. Два заголовки є зайвими. Напишіть відповіді на бланку. Приклад (0) зроблений для вас.

0. А) The classification of natural dyes.

51. B) The importance of Adolf von Baeyer’s discovery.

52. C) The effect of mordant.

53. D) The properties of ocher.

54. E) The present day application of cochineal.

55. F) The origin of madder.

56. G) The properties of wood.

57. H) History of mordant.

Завдання 4.

Інструкція: Прочитайте текст. Доповніть речення у тексті словами, які підходять за змістом із поданих варіантів. Напишіть ваші відповіді на бланку. Приклад (0) зроблений для вас.