Saturated salt solutions

If a large amount of water is present in the organic (0)__A_______after an extraction, most of it may be removed before using a drying (1)_______ by shaking the organic solvent with a saturated solution of sodium (2)__________ or potassium carbonate. The higher ionic strength of the salt solution makes this solution even less compatible with the organic solvent, making the water less soluble in the solvent.

Saturated salt solutions are also valuable for making water-soluble organic (3)__________ much less water soluble and, therefore, much more easily extracted into organic solvents. The water-soluble organic compound is said to be salted out from the aqueous layer into the organic layer. The much higher ionic (4)_________ of the salt solution is again responsible.

Saturated salt solutions are also commonly used to (5)__________water-soluble unwanted components from organic solvents such as (6)____________. This process is called (7)__________. The advantage over regular water is that the higher ionic strength of the salt solution dramatically reduces the solubility of the organic solvent in the aqueous phase.

0. A) solvent

58. B) chloride

59. C) compounds

60. D) ethylether

61. E) washing

62. F) strength

63. G) remove

64. H) agent

Завдання 5.

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Finishing

Finishing is a final operation which the textile materials are subjected to when yarns, fabrics and garments have been scoured, bleached, dyed and printed.

Fabric after wet processing such as scouring, dyeing or printing is in a distorted condition. One of the most important functions of finishing is to straighten the fabric and bring it to the required dimensions. It is necessary to finish the fabric to a standard width of 36 or 48 inched. So by the term finishing is meant those final operations which are necessary to bring the textile materials into a presentable attractive condition.

Drying forms part of the finishing process. Sometimes this drying can be carried out at the same time that the fabric is straightened and brought to its desired finished width and length. But at others it must be dried first and then lightly damped for the final finishing treatment.

Before the textile material is dried it is important to remove the maximum possible amount of water from it.

0. A) What is finishing?

65. B) Why is finishing one of the most important functions?

66. C) Why is finishing used before bleaching?

67. D) In what condition is fabric after wet processing?

68. E) Why is it important to remove dyes before drying?

69. F) How can drying be carried out?

Варіант 2

I. Тест з граматики

Завдання І. Виберіть правильний переклад присудка

1. All over the world the demand for electricity is steadily increasing.

1. зріс

2. зростатиме

3. зростання

4. зростає

2. The experiments have shown that light travels with great speed in vacuum.

1. показують

2. покажуть

3. показали

4. показували

3. Next week he will explain us the difference between the metric and imperial systems.

1. поясняє

2. пояснить

3. пояснюватиме

4. пояснив

4. The Egyptians possessed formulas for the solution of simple geometrical problems.

1. володітимуть

2. володіли

3. володіють

4. заволодіють

5. The experiments were still being made in some laboratories when the new term began.

1. проводитимуть

2. провели

3. проводять

4. проводились

6. These digits will be easily multiplied with the help of a calculator.

1. перемножать

2. перемножують

3. перемножили

4. перемножували

7. After I had finished the inspection of the new engine I spoke to the engineer.

1. закінчу

2. закінчив

3. закінчував

4. закінчую

8. A new device for measuring pressure is being designed now.

1. проектували

2. проектуватимуть

3. проектують

4. спроектують

9. The invention of computers was spoken of at the last lecture.

1. говоритимуть

2. говорять

3. поговорять

4. говорили

10. Many books on computers’ organization and architecture have been translated from Russian into English this year.

1. перекладають

2. переклали

3. перекладуть

4. перекладали

11. I can’t go with you because tomorrow at 5 I will be translating an article on internal combustion engines.

1. перекладу

2. перекладаю

3. перекладатиму

4. перекладав.

Завдання ІІ. Виберіть правильне модальне дієслово або його еквівалент.

12. Nuclear energy (можна, можливо) be used to light and heat our homes.

1. must

2. may

3. is able

4. has to

13. A robot (зможе) simulate all the functions of human brains.

1. can

2. will be allowed to

3. will have to

4. will be able to

14. Every student (повинен) know that a digital computer performs reasonable operations.

1. have to

2. can

3. should

4. must

15. We (дозволили) attend the conference on cybernetics.

1. may

2. were permitted to

3. could

4. had to

16. Since nature doesn’t have these vital things, man (належить, слід) create them.

1. may

2. must

3. should

4. has to

17. Water (може) exist as a gas and as a solid.

1. can

2. may

3. must

4. is to

18. We (повинні будемо) use a catalyst to accelerate the reaction.

1. must

2. will be allowed to

3. will have to

4. will be able to

19. The first electronic computer (міг) work very quickly.

1. can

2. could

3. should

4. may

Завдання ІІІ. Виберіть правильний переклад підкреслених слів.

20. When offered to take part in the meeting he refused.

1. пропонують

2. пропозиція

3. пропонуючи

4. коли запропонували

21. Compiling a problem requires great attention of a programmer.

1. складаючи

2. склавши

3. складання

4. щоб скласти

22. The current flowing in the circuit has a steady value.

1. щоб пройти

2. який йде

3. пройшовши

4. проходячи

23.Heat may be produced by heating coal, gas or any other fuel.

1. нагрівши

2. нагріваючи

3. нагріти

4. який нагріває

24.A group of cells connected together is called a battery.

1. з’єднаний

2. з’єднуючи

3. з’єднавши

4. яка з’єднує

25.The main function of the transformer is changing voltage in the circuit.

1. змінюючи

2. який змінюється

3. змінивши

4. змінювати

26.Having punched holes in a card the operator put it into the computer.

1. пробиваючи

2. пробивання

3. пробивши

4. який пробиває

27.Placed in a kettle over a fire ice will expand a little and melt.

1. розміщуючи

2. якщо розмістити

3. розмістивши

4. який розміщується

28.A barometer is an instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure.

1. вимірюючи

2. вимірювання

3. який вимірює

4. виміривши

29.Our professor likes inviting specialists to take part in his researches.

1. запрошувати

2. запрошення

3. коли його запрошують

4. який запрошує

30.Having been produced these parts were sent to various factories.

1. після виготовлення

2. виготовивши

3. після того як було виготовлено

4. виробляючи

31.Performing addition the computer must have two numbers to be added.

1. виконання

2. виконавши

3. який виконує

4. виконуючи

Завдання ІV. Виберіть англійський еквівалент українського речення.

32. Новий апарат повинен був контролювати усі зміни температури

1. All temperature changes were controlled by the new apparatus.

2. The new apparatus was to control all the temperature changes.

3. The new apparatus іs to control all the temperature changes.

4. The new apparatus controlling all temperature changes was used.

33. Щоб керувати новими гнучкими лініями робочі повинні пройти спеціальну підготовку

1. To operate new flexible lines is impossible without getting special training.

2. One must have special training to operate new flexible lines

3. To operate new flexible lines workers have to get special training.

4. Special training is required for workers to operate new flexible lines.

34. Можливо Марс буде одним з перших світів, яких досягне людина.

1. Mars will probably be reached by men first.

2. Men will be the first to reach Mars.

3. The first world to be reached by men will be Mars.

4. Mars will probably be one of the first worlds to be reached by men.

35. Покращити точність радіолокатора значило розширити його корисність.

1. Scientists expanded the usefulness of the radar by improving its accuracy.

2. To improve the accuracy of radar meant to expand its usefulness.

3. It is necessary to improve the accuracy of radar to expand its usefulness.

4. To improve the radar accuracy meant much for the scientists.

36. Інженера попрохали спроектувати цей прилад.

1. The engineer asked to design this device.

2. This devise was designed by the engineer because we had asked him.

3. The engineer was asked to design this devise.

4. To design this device you should consult the engineer.

Завдання V. Вкажіть в якому реченні при перекладі вживається:

37. сполучник „так як”:

1. The electrons move with varying velocities, their velocity depending on the temperature and nature of the material.

2. Our laboratory being supplied with different instruments, the students can do their practical work there.

3. Having been tested the new apparatus was recommended for work in all the laboratories.

4. While being examined, the machine could continue its work.

38. сполучник „при чому”:

1. The part cooling during this process, the worker has to reheat it.

2. Although it was not late, we decided to stop working.

3. Water exists as ice at low temperatures, with the temperature depending upon pressure.

4. In spite of being experienced the worker made some parts with defects.

39. слова „ Очікують, що”:

1. We expect that the results of the test will be very interesting.

2. He said that they had been waiting for the results of the test for 2 hours.

3. The future is expected to bring a great many of new applications for semiconductors.

4. They expected conference to take place in May.

40. підрядне додаткове реченням зі сполучником „що ”:

1. They can suppose what alloy they will obtain after the experiment.

2. You should know what to do if the metal hardens quickly.

3. We have recently learned what robots can do.

4. We know the cybernetics to be an important branch of modern technology.