Higher education in the uk

Education after 16 is voluntary in United Kingdom. Students, who live in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, must take at the age of 16 the examinations for the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE). In Scotland students receive the Scottish Certificate of Education. After this exam students can choose to stay on in school or attend colleges of further education.

British universities are self-governing and are guaranteed academic independence. Funding for education and research is provided by funding councils set up by Parliament. The number of universities jumped in 1992 when polytechnics and some other higher education establishments were given the right to become universities. By the end of 1994, there were some 90 universities, almost half of them former polytechnics, including the Open University.

Many of the colleges of Oxford and Cambridge universities were founded in the 12th and 13th centuries. All other universities in Britain were founded in the 19th and 20th centuries. The Open University, based in Milton Keynes, England, was founded in 1969. It uses extension techniques of correspondence courses, television and radio programmes, and video cassettes, supported by local study centres and summer schools, to provide higher education opportunities to a wide variety of people.

During the 1960s there was a significant increase in the number of new universities, reflecting a fast growth in student numbers.

During the 1980s, an expansion in higher education places led to another large jump in student numbers.

In the 1992-1993 academic year there were more than 1,4 million students in full or part-time higher education in Great Britain, compared with just under 850,000 a decade earlier. About one quarter of young people are in higher education in England, Wales, and Scotland; one third in Northern Ireland. About 90 per cent of students get state grants to cover tuition fees and living costs.

The size of the grant is determined by parents’ income. Since the late 1980s, however, grants have been frozen; students can apply for a student loan.

Vocabulary:

voluntary — добровольное-өз еркімен, ерікті

take an examination-сдавать экзамен-емтихан тапсыру

General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE)-сертификат об окончании средней школы-орта мектеп бітіргені туралы сертификат

receive-получить-алу, ие болу

attend — посещать- қатысу

further education-дальнейшее образование-онан арғы, одан арғы, кейінгі (келешекте) білім

self-governing — самоуправляемый-өзін-өзі басқарушы, басқару

funding — финансирование-қаржыландыру

funding councils — советы по финансированию-қаржыландыру кеңесі

to set up — основывать-құрылу, салыну

higher education establishments-высшее учебное заведение-жоғары оқу орны

significant — значительный-едәуір, айтарлықтай

polytechnics — политехнические институты-политехникалық институттар

extension techniques — технологии дистанционно­го образования -қашықтықтан білім беру технологиялары

to reflect — отражать-көріну

decade — десятилетие-он жылдық, он жыл

tuition fees-оплата за обучение-оқу төлем ақысы

living costs-прожиточный минимум-күнкөріс (төменгі күнкөріс мөлшері)

income-доход-табыс, кіріс

Exercise 2. Match a word or phrase from A with a word from B to make phrases from the text.

A B

1. further	a) costs
2. tuition	b) courses
3. higher education	c) income
4. correspondence	d) centres
5. state	e) colleges
6. parents’	f) establishments
7. local study	g) techniques
8. extension	h) fees
9. living	i) grants
10. attend	j) education

Exercise 3. Translate into English:

1) В возрасте 16 лет каждый житель Великобритании обязан сдать экзамены на получение Сертификата о среднем образовании.

2) Британские университеты являются полностью самоуправляемыми.

3) В 1992 году Политехническим институтам была предоставлено право стать университетами.

4) Открытый университет, широко известный своими технологиями дистанционного обучения, был основан в 1969 году.

5) В 60-е годы в Соединенном королевстве наметился значительный рост числа университетов.

6) Размер гранта на обучение определяется исходя из дохода родителей.

Exercise 4. Solve the confusions and translate

1. npdciedeecen ________________________

2. nxtmsiaeoia _________________________

3. oydaecsnr ___________________________

4. cyolephsnitc _________________________

5. bmcdegair ___________________________

6. lngdean _____________________________

7. pinutperosito _________________________

8. eslehtnsiabmt ________________________

9. ednepecrsorcno _______________________

10. mocien ______________________________

Exercise 5.Find words in bold in the text which mean:

1. an education course that you take at home, receiving your work and sending it back by post or by email.

2. a university is one of the oldest universities in Europe and was founded in the 12^th century.

3. courses of study or training that some people do after they have left school when they do not go to university.

4. an important test of your knowledge.

5. an amount of money that the government or an organization gives you for a specific purpose and does not ask you to pay back.

6. money that a a government or organization provides for a specific purpose.

7. an official document stating that you have passed an examination.

Exercise 6. Read the words given below, state what part of speech each word belongs to. Give their Russian equivalents.

Able-ability; achieve-achievement; capable-capability; character-characteristic; collaborate-collaboration; compare-comparison;-comparative; confuse-confusion; constant-constantly; depend-dependence-dependent; discover-discovery; experiment-experimental-experimentally; measure-measurement; rely-reliable-unreliable; theory-theoretical-theoretician; succeed-success-successful.

• Give Kazakh (Russian) equivalents to the proverbs: