If you find something interesting, bring to the class. Make a presentation.

Lesson 13.

Innovation

Grammar: Second conditional

Before srart. Let’s discuss.

What is innovation?

The term innovation derives from the Latin word innovatus, which is the noun form of innovare "to renew or change," stemming from in-"into" + novus-"new". Although the term is broadly used, innovation generally refers to the creation of better or more effective products, processes, technologies, or ideas that are accepted by markets, governments, and society. Innovation differs from invention or renovation in that innovation generally signifies a substantial positive change compared to incremental changes.

What kind of innovations do you know in the fields of Agriculture, Architecture and Construction, Automotive Engineering, Ecology and Environment, Health and Medicine, Information and Data processing and up-to-date developments on IT equipment and hardware?

Read the saying below and discuss the questions.

“Necessity is the mother of invention”

What does the saying mean?

Do you agree with it? Why? Why not?

Do exercises from Macmillan English grammar in use.

Search the internet or magazines for other informations about 3G or 4 G.

Search the internet or magazines for other informations about innovations.

If you find something interesting, bring to the class. Make a presentation.

Lesson 14

Revision and development

Grammar: Reported speech

Use ‘reported’ or ‘inderect’ speech to tell people what somebody said or thought.

Make the tense of the verb one ‘step’further backinto the past. E.g. verb in the Present Simple will usually change to the Past Simple.

Direct speech	Inderect reported speech
‘I have $ 50.’	He said (that) he had $ 50.
‘Janice is living in Spain.’	She said (that) Janice was living in Spain.
‘She went home.’	He said (that) she had gone home.
‘He has worked there since March.’	He said (that) he had worked there since March.
‘I’m sure she’ll pass her exams.’	He said he was sure she would pass her exams.

If somebody said something that still true when it is reported, tenses don’t always change.

‘I don’t like carrots.’ She said that she doesn’t like carrots.

That is often left out, especially after the verbs say and think.

Say or tell are often used in reported speech. Tell must have a personal object. We tell somebody something. Compare:

She said she saw Gordon on Friday.

She told me she saw Gordon on Friday.

A change of speaker may mean a change of pronoun.

‘We don’t like Tony.’ She said that they didn’t like Tony.

Do exercises from Macmillan English grammar in use.

Module 4.

Lessons 1-2.

Kazakhstan

Grammar: Review. Времена группы Simple Active

Before start

How well do you know your Homeland?

What is (are):

• the biggest Kazakh lake?

• the longest river?

• agricultural regions?

• old historical cities?

• places of recreation and tourism?

What countries does our country border on?

How many regions, cities and districts are there in Kazakhstan?

Name the deserts located on the territory of Kazakhstan

Where is the hottest place in our country?

Name the largest rivers and mountains in Kazakhstan

Does Kazakhstan have any outlets to the ocean?

In what resources is Kazakhstan rich?

Test your memory

Choose the correct answer.

1. Kazakhstan is situated in __________ .

a) Central Asia b) Northern Asia d) Southern Asia

2. Kazakh is the ________ language.

a) official b) state c) ancient

3. Kazakhstan got its independence in ______ .

a) 1991 b) 1986 c) 1992

4. CIS is - ___________________ .

a) Community of International States b) Corporation of Independent States

c) Commonwealth of Independent States

5. The Head of State in Kazakhstan is a ___________ .

a) Queen b) Prime-Minister c) President

6. Parliament comprises ___ houses. They are ______________ .

a) 2 houses – Senate and Majilis b) 3 houses– Senate, Majilis, Supreme Court

c) 1 house – Senate

7. The color of the National Flag of the RK is _________ .

a) light-blue b) golden c) sky-blue

8. The capital of the RK shifted from Almaty to Astana in _______ .

a) 1998 b) 1994 c) 1991

9. In terms of area, Kazakhstan is the _________ largest country in the world.

a) second b) ninth c) fifth

10. Kazakhstan borders on _______ to the east.

a) China b) Russia c) Uzbekistan

11. The largest rivers in Kazakhstan are ______ and _______ flowing into the Caspian Sea.

a) the Ural and the Emba b) the Syrdarya and the Irtysh c) the Ishym and the Tobol

12. The National flag of the RK is designed by __________

a) Shaken Niazbekov b) Shota Ualikhanov c) Zhandarbek Malibekov

13. Northern Kazakhstan is famous for its ______________

a) mineral resources b) granary c) archeological heritage sites

14. Nauryz is a ______________ holiday

a) international b) religious c) national

15. The main ritual dish is ______________ .

a) beshbarmak b) nauryz-kosheh c) turkey

16. The Azret Sultan National Museum is famous for its ________________ .

a) a two-ton sacred vessel b) an ancient bath-house c) antiquity

17. Students with good marks of the state institutions are rewarded with ________ .

a) salary b) scholarship c) hard work reward

18. According to active administrative and territorial division, Kazakhstan consists of _________ oblasts.

a) 19 b) 14 c) 17

19. In conformity with the Constitution, Kazakhstan is ___________ Republic.

a) monarchy b) federal c) presidential

20. Kazakhstan is rapidly becoming wealthy due to selling ___________ to Europe and China.

a) oil, gas and metal b) metals and cotton c) gold and metal goods

21.The _________________ is the highest judicial body on civil and criminal cases in Kazakhstan.

a) Supreme court b) Federal court d) Local court

Reading