At, in, from, through, by, to

1. Some intricate channels should be avoided ___ low-powered vessels as currents set strongly through them.

2. It should be noted that marked variations ___ the direction of these currents have been reported.

3. The arrangement of individual islands can often be obtained ___ about 15 miles distant and the breakers near the edges of reefs are usually detected __ about 2 miles.

4. The many openings ___ the barrier reefs which fringe the atolls are generally deep.

5. The navigational lights for some of the harbours may not conform ___ the IALA Maritime Buoyage System (Region A).

6. Several islands lie on the barrier reef which extends about 7 ½ miles NW ___ Gan.

5. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English

1. Подходы к порту требуют знания местных условий.

2. Остров простирается на 1¾ восточно-северо-восточнее от мыса Т., откуда выдвигается узкий полуостров, отмеченный бакенами.

3. Остров длиной около 5 метров лежит с западной стороны кораллового атолла.

4. Оконечности острова покрыты низким кустарником.

5. Восточный берег приглубный.

6. Пролив – узкое морское пространство, соединяющее два смежных водных бассейна – океан с морем, море с морем.

7. Фарватер – безопасный для судов проход среди мелей и различного рода других опасностей, огражденный предостерегающими знаками.

8. Рейд – водное пространство у берега или среди островов с глубинами, пригодными для якорной стоянки.

9. Мол – внешнее оградительное сооружение порта, связанное с берегом.

10. Порт – прибрежная акватория, огражденная от волнения, а также прилегающая к ней оборудованная полоса берега, предназначенная для обслуживания морских судов.

Check yourself.

Translate the following extract from the Sailing Directions without dictionaries.

A harbour in the NE part of the Kumcagiz Koyu (4110N, 3013E) is sheltered by a mole, 250 m in length, which extends S from the N coast of the bay. Shelter can be obtained off the village, inshore of the mole, in a depth of about 3 m. Small craft can also shelter from W winds within the SW entrance point. Local knowledge is required to enter the bay.

Unit 2

1. Read and translate the text

Topography

Sukhyy Liman is divided into three parts, which from seaward are known, respectively, as Basins Nos 1, 2 and 3. Basins No.1 lies between the harbor entrance and Ostrov Dambovyy, an artificial islet that 1 mile NNW. Basin No 2 extends 1 mile NW from Ostrov Dambovyy and Basin No 3, which is not shown on the chart, lies to the N of Basin No 2 and is entered by a channel which is crossed by a drawbridge. Aleksandrovka and the new town of Port Illichivsk are situated on the W side of Basins No 1. The main berths for ocean going vessels are situated on the S and W side of Basin No 1 and there is a fishing port on the У side of this basin.

Between Nos Kaliakra (4322N, 2828E) and Nos Shabla (12 miles NNE) the coast is flat and rocky with steep cliffs, which are reddish in colour. North of Nos Shabla the height of the cliffs decreases and the coast is backed by a number of shallow lakes which are separated from the sea by narrow necks on land. Holiday resort areas, in which there are many high buildings have been established between Mangalia (4349N, 2835E) and the Port of Constanta (21 miles N).

Between Nos Sveti Georgi (4313N, 2801E) and Nos Kaliakra (22 miles ENE) the coast is backed by a narrow mountain range, which at first is moderately flat, but later becomes undulating. This range is broken by the valley of Balchik and a ravine near Kavarna, 7 ½ miles E. Balchik valley lies at the W extremity of some chalk cliffs, by which it can be identified, and there is an isolated triangular hillock in the middle of the range near Kavarna that is easily identified from seaward.

From Giresun (4055N, 3823E) to Kale Burnu (36 miles E), the coast is indented by a number of bays. There are a number of beaches and several rivers enter the sea along this stretch of coast. Coastal hills rise to heights of over 300 m and in some places have a rugged appearance.

The S and W islands and islets are more densely wooded than those on the У side, the latter are mostly covered with scrub and scattered trees.

The island is very fertile with many palm and casuarinas trees on its NW side, but the S part is covered by scrub and a few trees.

The island is generally wooded. It is steep-to on its W, N and У sides but a shelving bank, on which the surf breaks heavily up to about 7 ½ cables offshore, extends 1 ¼ miles SE from the S end of the island; this bank is also steep-to.

Male and its adjacent islands are all very low and the first landfall points visible are normally the buildings or ships at anchor. Most of Male is built upon; there are many modern buildings especially on the N side and there is a network of earth and paved roads. A se-wall, built with tetrapods, extends along the S side of the island. The E side of the island on Gaadhoo Koa is being reclaimed.

From Aligau (514N, 73311 E) the barrier reef, which is unbroken, extends 8 miles ENE to its SE point then 9 miles N to Selhihifushi. During the NE monsoon the sea breaks heavily upon the seaward face of this stretch of reef, on which, coral rock and sandbanks appear at low water.

There is little spontaneous vegetation on most of these flat islands, but the conditions are especially favourable to the growth of coconut palms, which is their staple product; these are generally from 18 to 24 m high.

The coastline is slightly indented with bays, interspersed with rocky outcrops and headlands. The shore is generally low-lying, particularly at the heads of the bays which often have coconut palms fronted by sandy beaches. The rocky headlands and cliffs, frequently of a red colour, are only of a very moderate height. Parts of the coast are densely wooded with coconut palms; other isolated areas appear quite barren.

The coast between Nilewelli Point and Hambantota Point, 28 miles УТУ is generally low with sandy and rocky stretches. Between Nilewelli Point and Tangalla Point, 6 miles NE, the coast becomes rocky, fairly high and indented by bays. East of Tangalla Point to Kalametiya Point, 9 miles ENE, the coast is low, sandy and backed by palms. Thereafter, to Hambantota Point, 12 miles ENE, the coast is low, barren and sandy, interrupted by only a few cliffy points.

The coast between Illukatiya Point, 6 miles NNW of Little Basses Reef, and Sangama Kanda Point, 33 miles NNE, is nearly all sandy and backed by jungle on low, flat ground, which extends well inland to isolated hills. Depths off the coast between Illukatiya Point and Arugam Bay, 22 miles NNE, are fairly regular, gradually decreasing towards the shore. N of the bay, to Sangama Kanda Point, shoals extend up to 5 miles offshore.

The coast between Sangama Kanda Point and Batticaloa Roads, 45 miles NNW, is cultivated with coconut palms in many places; the hinterland is low and flat, with hills about 10 miles inland. From Batticaloa Roads to Elephant Point, 16 miles NNW, coconut palms again dominate with several distinctive hills in the background. Thereafter, to Trincomalee, the coast is covered in jungle with only a few, unimportant inland hills.

Flagstaff Point (835 0N, 8114 7 E) is the N point of Fort Frederick, a bold cliffy headland which takes its name from the fort standing on the S part of the promontory; the headland presents a wedge-shaped appearance from N or S. Much of the historic fort remains but only the gateway (white) and a white building are prominent from S.

Rocky Point (833 5N, 8114 6 E) is the NE termination of Ostenburg Ridge. A series of remarkable knife-edged rocks, reducing in height, extend 3 cables NE from the point, terminating in a dangerous below-water rock.

Chapel Point (832 6N, 8114 5 E) is rocky and has a rounded base; Chapel Island stands 1 cable off the point and Chapel Rock lies 5 cables NE. The passage between Chapel Point and Chapel Island is shallow and foul, it is usable only by small craft.

Chapel Hill, backing Chapel Point, stands at the NE end of Elephant Ridge; it is covered in jungle. The remainder of Elephant Ridge is more sparsely wooded and between the trees, in places, are long vertical streaks and patches of red earth.

The coast between Chapel Point and Elephant Point, 1 ¼ miles SW, is fronted by low cliffs and narrow, sandy beaches strewn with boulders in places.

Elephant Pass (832 1N, 8113 8E), which separates Elephant Island from Elephant Point, is obstructed.

The coast is straight with occasional gaps breaking the shoreline, some of which are distinctive. Extensive lagoons lie close inland and the surrounding land is generally low, much of it covered in trees. A number of churches and shrines are scattered along the coast, many of which are visible from seaward.

Palk Strait, forming the NE entrance of Palk Bay, lies between the N coast of Sri Lanka and the У coast of India.

The S shore of the strait, formed by the N coast of Jaffna Peninsula, is sandy and backed by salt water lagoons and stony plains. The coast is low, much of the land given over to cultivation and plantations, with many tall trees close inland, and some cliffs and sand hills visible from seaward. A drying reef, extending up to 1 cable offshore, fringes much of the coast.

The NW shore of Palk Strait is formed by the low-lying coast between Point Calimere and a low point close S of Vellar River mouth, 39 miles WSW of Point Calimere. The coast consists of mangrove covered mud flats which flood during heavy rains and at HW springs. The land near Point Calimere is a forest reserve and landing is prohibited.

Palk Strait is largely occupied by an extensive shoal bank, with depths of less than 10 m, on which lie Middle Banks and South Banks, with depths of less than 5 m.

2. Learn by heart the following abbreviations and terms used in English charts