- •The approximate timing of classes
- •Practice work
- •Glossary
- •Office hours (2) Formation of practical skills on the theme «The subject, purposes and methods of pathological physiology”.
- •Case study
- •3. How can you experimentally check your presumptions about the nature of the pathologic process?
- •The approximate timing of classes
- •Practical work of students
- •Questions 1. What factors affect the mouse in this experiment?
- •2. Which of these factors could be considered the leading cause of the pathologic process - hypobaric hypoxia?
- •Pathogenesis of High altitude disease
- •Vicious circle in pathogenesis of High altitute disease
- •Office hours (2) Formation of practical skills on the theme «General etiology and pathogenesis. Effects of low barometric pressure on an organism”
- •Case Study Case 1. A group of tourists came under heavy rain. A day later, one of them developed pneumonia. Questions:
- •The approximate timing of classes
- •Glossary:
- •Office hours (2) Formation of practical skills on the theme «The role of reactivity of an organism in pathology”
- •The approximate timing of classes
- •Practical work of students
- •Explain the pathogenesis of hemolysis in tubes №№ 2-5 and the absence of hemolysis in tube number 1. Glossary
- •Office hours (2) Formation of practical skills on the theme “Cell injury”
- •Case Study
- •The approximate timing of classes
- •Practical work of students
- •I nfection, ischemia, traumas, tumors, burns, immune pathological processes, etc.
- •The significance of acute phase reactions for organism
- •Glossary
- •Types of fever on the basis of the extent of temperature elevation:
- •Types of fever on the basis of temperature fluctuation:
- •- Remittent (fluctuation 1-20c) (viral and bacterial infections, exudative pleuritis)
- •Control -test Office hours (2) Formation of practical skills on the theme “systemic organism’s response to damage. Fever”
- •Case Study
- •Control – conclusions on the cases
- •The approximate timing of class
- •Practical work of students
- •Glossary
- •Office hours (2) Formation of practical skills on the theme “Disorders of water and electrolyte metabolism”
- •The approximate timing of classes
- •Vasoconstriction Vasodilation of brain vessels High irritability of n. Vagus
- •Non respiratory (metabolic) alkalosis
- •Compensatory mechanisms at abb disorders
- •Glossary
- •Nongaseous acidosis (metabolic, exogenous, excretory) develops when there is accumulation of acidic products (metabolic disorders, acid intake from outside, diarrhea)
- •Office hours (2) Formation of practical skills on the theme “Acid-base disorders”
- •The approximate timing of classes
- •Practical work of students
- •Glossary
- •Control -test Office hours (2) Midterm control 1
- •The approximate timing of class
- •Practical work of students
- •Глоссарий
- •Office hours (2) Formation of practical skills on the theme “Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism”
- •The approximate timing of class
- •Case-study case 1
- •Control -test Office hours (2) Formation of practical skills on the theme “Disorders of protein and lipid metabolism”
Office hours (2) Formation of practical skills on the theme «General etiology and pathogenesis. Effects of low barometric pressure on an organism”
The purpose of the office hour:
Development of practical skills of interpretation of clinical and laboratory data in solving clinical cases
Tasks of study: • To apply the theoretical knowledge in pathophysiological analysis of cases
The Method of office hour: case study
Case Study Case 1. A group of tourists came under heavy rain. A day later, one of them developed pneumonia. Questions:
1. What causes inflammation of the lungs in a tourist? What was the condition for the occurrence of the disease 2. Define the causes and conditions of the disease 3. Give the characteristics of causes of diseases 4. What is the role of the causes and conditions of illness, give the characteristics of monocauzalizm and conditionalism
Case 2
A Child of 14 years, entered the hospital with tuberculous gonitis (inflammation of the knee joint ). Onset of the disease is associated with knee injury. The child is often sick with colds. Living conditions are below average . Make parsing task of this algorithm : 1. What was the cause of the child's illness ? What was the condition of this disease ? 2 . Define the causes of disease and conditions 3 . Describe the causes of the disease 4 . What is the role of the causes and conditions in the event of illness, and let characteristics monokauzalizma conditionalism
Case 3
A mouse is put in a small pressure chamber. Then, during 2-3 min air is pumped out of it to decrease the pressure in the chamber down to 170-180 mm Hg. After 0.5-1 min in the hypobaric conditions the mouse shows signs of anxiety: running over, scratching its face. Two or three minutes later clonic and tonic seizures develop; the mouse is lying on its side, urinates; terminal breathing ("gasping") develops. Soon afterwards, breathing stops, and the mouse dies. The overall time of the mouse's life in the hypobaric atmosphere is 3-4 min.
Questions:
1. What factors affect the mouse in this experiment?
2. Which of these factors could be considered the leading cause of the pathologic process - hypobaric hypoxia?
3. How can you experimentally check your presumptions about the nature of the pathologic process?
Case 4
Air is pumped out of the pressure chamber to bring the barometric pressure to approximately 20-30 mmHg. Then the chamber is filled with pure O2 up to normal atmospheric pressure 750 mm Hg. A mouse is carefully put in the chamber so that the barometric pressure inside remains unchanged. The mouse is then observed as in the previous experiment. At first, seeking behavior is seen. Later the mouse is sitting quietly, showing no signs of pathology. Within approximately 10 minutes after the start of the experiment the mouse is taken out of the chamber, and its normal behavior and state is established. Questions:
1. Taking into account the results of this test what can you say about the pathologic factors which caused death of the mouse in the previous experiment?
Case 5
A pressure chamber is filled with a mixture of gases consisting of 95% N2 and of 5% O2. Barometric pressure inside the chamber is maintained equal to normal atmospheric pressure. A mouse is put in the chamber. A thin jet of the same gas mixture is being passed through the chamber. Partial pressure of O2 in this gas mixture is about 37 mm Hg. After staying in the chamber for 10-15 min the mouse develops seizures and then dies.
Considering the results of all 3 experiments, answer the following questions:
1. Which factor caused the development of acute hypobaric hypoxia and death of the mouse?
2. What is the significance of hypobaria itself, that is, decreased pressure of the inhaled air?
Hand-outs: lecture, multimedia presentation, cases
THE LIST OF LITERATURE:
The basic
Litvitsky P.F., Pirozhkov S.V., Tezikov E.B. Concise lectures and tests on pathophysiology E-tekstbook. – ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2007
Lectures, handouts.
Pathologic basis of disease. Environmental and nutritional pathology. V. Kumar, A.K. Abbas, S.N. Fausto, 8th edition, 2010, P.415-446
Basic Pathology. Vinay Kumar, Ramsi S. Cotran, Stanley L. Robbins. 9th edition, 2013.- P 221-243.
Additional
Textbook of medical physiology. High altitude and space physiology. A.C. Guyton, J.E. Hall., 9th edition, 1996.-P 549-562.
Textbook of pathology. Harsh Mohan 4rd edition, Delhi, 12004, P 3-13.
Control –conclusions on case study
3. THEME: |
«THE ROLE OF REACTIVITY OF AN ORGANISM IN PATHOLOGY » |
The purposes of the class:
Formation of knowledge of the main issues of the theme
Formation of skills to use the knowledge of the theoretical material for pathogenetic schemes and pathophysiological analysis of clinical cases
Formation of communicative skills for discussion of the problem
Tasks of study: • To learn the main issues of the theme • To develop the skills to use the glossary in three languages for discussion of the theoretical material • To Learn how to make pathogenetic schemes, to allocate the leading link and vicious circles • To apply the theoretical knowledge in solving of clinical cases
• To form communicative skills for discussion of the theoretical material
Questions for the theme
Reactivity and resistance of an organism, definition.
Forms of organism response to pathogenic factor.
Types of reactivity and their characteristic. The factors determining reactivity (heredity, constitution, age, sex, function of nervous, endocrine systems, etc.).
Constitution of organism, definition. Classification of constitutional types on Sigout, Krechmer E., Pavlov I.P., Chernorutsky M.V., Bogomolez A.A. The role of organism’s constitution in reactivity.
The role of age in reactivity. Features of reactivity of children's and senile age.
The role of sex in reactivity. Features of reactivity of male and female organism.
Methods of teaching
Discussion the major issues under the supervision of a teacher, discussion of video film “The Role of age, function of CNS, species reactivity in resistance to hypoxy”.
Methods of control
Oral questioning, checking conclusions on experiment, testing