The general procedure that is commonly recommended for implementing sustainable tourism or sustainable development within a destination
Implement remedial actions where necessary • May require reassessment of st goals
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Sustainable tourism strategy
An overall tourism strategy be based on principles of sustainable development:
• Emerge from processes that ensure stakeholder participation___________________
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• Promote and respect planning for tourism at the local level, and provide a framework for this_____________________________________________________
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• Reflect aims and principles for sustainable, identifying the specific objectives, policies and actions that derive from those aims_____________________________
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Three stages can be identified in the formulation of a strategy:
I. Analysing conditions, problems and opportunities___________________________
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II. Identifying objectives and making strategic choices_________________________
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III. Developing policies and action programmes______________________________
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Control of sustainable tourism Sustainable tourism indicators
Environmental |
Number of accommodation units and facilities |
Amount of land occupied by tourism-related superstructure and infrastracture |
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Destruction or alteration of natural habitat by tourism construction |
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Amount of erosion, and number of floods and landslides associated with tourism |
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Effect of tourism on biodiversity |
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Effect of tourism on species distributions and populations |
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Effect of tourism on introduction of exotic species |
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Density of tourism facilities and tourist activities |
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Concentration of tourism facilities and tourist activities |
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Number of stayovers and excursionists |
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Number of ‘visitor- nights ’ |
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Seasonality (e.g. Gini coefficient) |
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Water, air, noise and solid waste emissions associated with tourism (e.g. expressed per accommodation unit and visitor- night) |
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Hazardous waste production associated with tourism |
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Amount of litter associated with tourist activities |
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Wildlife or habitat deterioration associated with tourist activities |
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Resource consumption associated with tourism (e.g. water, fossil fuels, metals, agglomerate, forest products, food) |
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Levels of traffic congestion associated with tourism |
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Environmental carrying capacity |
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Position of destination in Butler resort sequence |
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Economic |
Revenues earned directly from tourism |
Income multiplier effect from tourism (i.e. indirect revenues) |
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Proportion of destination revenue directly and indirectly obtained from tourism (eg tourism as % of GDP, GPP or GNP) |
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Proportion of destination employment associated with tourism |
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Average tourism wage as % of overall average wage |
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Distribution of jobs by wage level, and measurement of equity |
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% of tourism jobs occupied by non-local or foreign personnel |
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Extent of backward linkages with agriculture and other destination sectors |
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Import content in tourism consumption |
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% of all imports related to tourism |
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% of accommodations and attractions that are extern ally/foreign owned or controlled |
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Profitability of individual operations |
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Amount and % of profits and wages that are repatriated or leave local are area |
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Mar keting/promotion costs |
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Tourism investment by residents and non-residents |
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Overall economic impact |
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Social |
Resident reactions toward tourism and tourists (e.g. Irridex) |
No. of resident complaints against tourism |
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Amount of crime directed against tourists and tourism industry by residents and non-residents |
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Amount of tourism-related prostitution |
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Local patronage of tourist attractions and facilities |
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In-migration associated with tourism industry |
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Ratio of residents to tourists |
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Amount of tourist-instigated crime |
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Psychographic profile e.g. allocentrics, midcentrics and psychocentrics |
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Tourist satisfaction with destination |
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Destination image held by visitors and potential visitors |
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Tourist Attractiveness Index (Smith 1989) |
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% of tourists who are repeat visitors |
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Average length of stay |
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Social carrying capacity |
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Cultural |
Conformity of tourism architecture to local vernacular |
Number and condition of heritage structures and sites |
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Integrity of local culture |
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% of visitors who are international |
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Market dominance (e.g. concentration ratio) |
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Extent of cultural commoditization
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Management |
Recycling and fuel efficiency performance of tourism accommodations, attractions and transportation |
Existence of a tourism-related master plan |
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Existence and actions of tourism-related interest groups |
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Number of codes of ethics and good practice in place |
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Extent of industry and tourist adherence to codes |
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Participation of tourism industry in community improvement projects and programs |
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Existence of tourism education and awareness programs |
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Existence of resident education and awareness programs |
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Habitat enhancement and/or protection associated with presence of tourists |
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Amount of tourism-related laws and regulations |
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Presence of EIA procedure for tourism-related businesses |
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No. of cultural heritage sites that are protected due to tourism |