Задания для самоконтроля

Проверьте, усвоили ли вы грамматический и лексический материал курса. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. Какое окончание имеют глаголы в 3-м лице единственного числа в Present Indefinite Active?

2. На сколько групп делятся все глаголы по способу образования Past Indefinite? Как образуется Past Indefinite стандартных глаголов?

3. Как переводится на русский язык Present Continuous?

4. Как образуется это время и когда оно употребляется?

5. Как образуется Present Perfect и как оно переводится?

6. Как образуется Future Perfect? Напишите формы глагола to make в Present и Future Perfect.

7. Как образуется Past Perfect Continuous? Напишите форму глагола to make в этом времени.

8. Какие эквиваленты глагола must вы знаете? Какой из них употребляется в будущем времени?

9. Как образуется сравнительная степень одно- или двусложных прилагательных? Приведите примеры.

10. Как образуется превосходная степень многосложных прилагательных? Дайте примеры.

11. Образуйте степени сравнения прилагательных good и bad.

12. В каких функциях в предложении употребляются причастия? Дайте примеры причастий.

13. Как образуется Passive Voice? Напишите формы глагола to make в Future Indefinite и Past Perfect Passive.

14. Какие суффиксы прилагательных вы знаете? Дайте примеры.

15. Назовите функции слова one. Как вы определите, что оно является подлежащим? Дайте пример.

Тексты для дополнительного чтения

Текст 1. Прочтите и переведите текст

THE “GOLDEN RING” HOTEL

Moscow is the capital of Russia and the largest city in our country. A visit to Moscow always makes unforgettable impression on the people who come there for the first time. It will become more remarkable if you choose to stay at the «Golden Ring» hotel.

The «Golden Ring» hotel is located in the very heart of the city. The hotel has a modern building downtown Moscow in the historical center only minutes away from the Red Square and Kremlin museums. It is not far from foreign embassies and foreign companies offices, from the Exhibitions Center and just across the road from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Friendly staff, high international standards of service and unique interior design will make your stay in the «Golden Ring» hotel pleasant and enjoyable.

The hotel has 247 spacious comfortably furnished apartments including double and single rooms, 80 suites and 2 luxurious Presidential Suites. You will feel at home while staying in the «Golden Ring» hotel.

The hotel offers 24-hour room service and the most sophisticated security system. The guests are provided with in-room safety-deposit boxes, satellite TV and telephone lines, air conditioning. Comfortable furniture and unique design of the suites give you the atmosphere of luxury, comfort and style.

The «Golden Ring» hotel offers the best views of Moscow. The hotel restaurant located on the 23^rd floor offers exquisite Mediterranean cuisine and luxurious atmosphere for its guests. You can spend a pleasant evening and see Moscow from the height while enjoying the culinary art of the restaurant Chef.

The hotel restaurant is the best place to taste various dishes of Russian cuisine and experience genuine Russian traditions of dining. It is an ideal place for birthday parties and banquets. There is a beer bar famous for its hospitality and German cuisine.

There are 6 banquet rooms and a theatre-style Conference Hall in the hotel. They provide services for 10 to 250 persons and can host at a time up to 500 people.

The Health Club and saunas are the best way to relax. There the guests can have a relaxing massage. They can use dry saunas and gym. The hotel has also a hairdresser's shop, a service bureau, a currency-exchange desk, barber's and beauty saloon, a laundry, shoes repairs and dry cleaning.

At the service bureau you can order a taxi or rent a car, book train and air tickets in advance.

Welcome to the «Golden Ring» Hotel!

Слова и выражения к тексту

unforgettable	незабываемый
remarkable	замечательный
embassy	посольство
single room	одноместный номер
double room	двухместный номер
suite	апартаменты
sophisticated	сложный
safety-deposit box	сейф
cuisine	кухня
genuine	натуральный
hospitality	гостеприимство
currency-exchange	обмен валюты
laundry	прачечная
in advance	заранее

Упражнение 1. Ответьте на следующие вопросы к тексту.

1. Where is the «Golden Ring» hotel located?

2. Is it far from the Red Square and Kremlin museums?

3. How many apartments are there in the « Golden Ring»hotel? What are they?

4. What services does the hotel offer to its guests?

5. Where can the guests see the views of Moscow?

6. What kinds of cuisine does the hotel restaurant and beer bar offer?

7. How many guests can host banquet rooms and a Conference Hall at a time?

8. Where can the guests order a taxi or rent a car, book train and air tickets in advance?

Текст 2. Прочтите и переведите текст.

HOTEL SERVICES

Large hotels usually offer their guests different kinds of services. At the laundry they can have their things washed and pressed. At the dry cleaner's they can clean their clothes. At the shoes repair shop they can have their shoes mended and polished.

Hotel restaurants have a Room Service department for the guests. Room service is the service of food or beverages in guests' rooms. The Room Service department works together with the kitchen of the restaurant. Hotels are often judged by the standard of the room service they provide. Five-star hotels provide room service for at least 18 hours of the day, but more often they provide 24-hour service, and that service must at all times be friendly, quick and efficient.

The dishes available for service in rooms are listed on a special room service menu. The guests can order:

• Breakfast from 6 am to 11 am

• All day dining from 11 am to 11pm

• A la carte dishes from 7 pm to 10 pm

• Night owl menu from 11 pm to 6 am

Most orders to Room Service are given by telephone. The waiters from the Room Service bring the dishes that were ordered by the guests on trays and trolleys. They usually knock on the door three times and say loudly, «Room Service». When the door is opened the waiter enters the room and greets the guest. The guest tells where to place the tray or trolley. The waiters usually explain what they have brought, ask to sign the bill, and tell the guest to put trays or trolleys outside their rooms in the passage after they have finished their meals.

Слова и выражения к тексту

mend	починить
food or beverages	еда и напитки
judge	судить
night owl menu	ночное меню
tray	поднос
trolley	столик на колесиках
passage	коридор

Упражнение 1. Ответьте на следующие вопросы к тексту.

1. Do large hotels offer their guests different kinds of services?

2. Where can the guests have their things washed and pressed?

3. Where can the guests clean their clothes?

4. What is Room Service?

5. When can the guests order breakfast?

6. When can the guests order dinner?

7. When can the guests order a la carte dishes?

8. When can the guests order the «Night owl menu»?

9. What do the waiters use to bring the meals to the apartments?

Текст 3. Прочтите и переведите текст.

LET’S MAKE A DEAL IN THE USA!

This culture stresses individual initiative and achievement. Moreover, Americans can be competitive in both work and leisure. The concept "time is money" is taken seriously in U.S. business culture. Businesspeople are used to making up their minds quickly and decisively. They value information that is straightforward and to the point. In the U.S.A., money is a key priority and an issue that will be used to win most arguments. Status, protocol, and national honour play a smaller role. Similarly, "saving face" and other social niceties and formalities that are vitally important to other cultures are not as important in the United States.

American businesspeople are opportunistic and willing to take chances. Opportunism and risk taking often result in Americans going for the biggest possible slice of the business, 100% if possible. Americans tend to dislike periods of silence during negotiations and in conversations, in general. They may continue to speak simply to avoid silence. In general, people from the U.S. will not hesitate to answer "no". Businesspeople are direct and will not hesitate to disagree with you. This communication style often causes embarrassment to business travellers who are unaccustomed to dealing with Americans or direct communication in general. Persistence is another characteristic you will frequently encounter in American businesspeople; there is a prevailing belief that there is always a solution. Moreover, they will explore all options when negotiations are at an impasse. Anxiety often develops over deadlines and results. The work ethic is so strong, that it appears that Americans' lives revolve around work. Consistency is common among American businesspeople: when they agree to a deal, they rarely change their minds. Americans tend to be future oriented. Therefore, innovation often takes precedence over tradition. The United States tends to be an ethnocentric culture, so it is closed to a lot of "outside" information. Thinking tends to be analytical, concepts are abstracted quickly, and the "universal" rule is preferred. There are established rules for almost everything, and experts are relied upon at all levels. Be aware that the United States is the most litigious society in the world. There are lawyers who specialize in practically every industry and segment of society.

In a meeting, the participants will proceed with business usually after some brief, preliminary "small talk" about topics unrelated to the business at hand. This is generally practiced to ease tensions and create a comfortable environment before entering into business matters. Topics may range from sports, weather, or other smaller business topics. Personal matters should not be discussed during this time, or any time in the negotiation. Usually, business is conducted at an extremely fast pace. Regardless of the negotiator, company policy is always followed. Though they are risk-takers, American businesspeople will also have a financial plan which must be followed. Americans regard negotiating as problem-solving through "give and take" based on respective strengths. Therefore, they will often emphasize their financial strength and/or position of power.

In negotiations, points are made by the accumulation of objective facts. This evidence is sometimes biased by faith in the ideologies of democracy, capitalism, and consumerism. The subjective feelings of the participants are not as much of a factor. Therefore, they will not spend much time seeking consensus.

Often, American businesspeople try to extract an oral agreement at the first meeting. However, U.S. salespeople sometimes bring final contracts to first meetings with prospective clients. In large firms, contracts under $10,000 can often be approved by one middle manager in a single meeting.

Your business card will not be refused, but you may not always receive one in return. Try not to be offended - in the U.S., the rituals involved in exchanging business cards are sometimes not observed as closely as in other cultures. The recipient of your card will probably place it into a wallet, which a man may put in the back pocket of his pants. This gesture is done for convenience and is not meant to be a sign of disrespect, as it might be in other cultures. In many cases, business cards are not exchanged unless you want to contact the person later.

Much emphasis is placed, in theory, on the equality of individuals in the United States. Personal equality is guaranteed by law. Nonetheless, ethnic and social bias does exist. Women are still striving for equality in pay and positions of authority. In the structure of the workplace, there is often inequality in employees' roles. Compared with many cultures, the United States is moving forward rapidly and successfully with its unique diversity. Expect to work with women and people of different ethnic backgrounds, religions, and cultures in the workplace at all levels and positions. Do not assume, for example, that a woman present in the meeting will be responsible for handling coffee. She may very well be leading the meeting and the person who will make the final decision. Treat everyone with respect and dignity to ensure a successful trip. Many people in the United States have a limited knowledge of cultures beyond their own country and its own diverse subcultures. Some Americans may assume that their way is the "correct" or only way. Business culture can vary greatly from company to company, because of America's diversity. Learn as much about the business culture of your foreign associates before meeting with them through their website, marketing materials, and business literature.

Слова и выражения к тексту

straightforward	прямой, откровенный
to the point	по делу
niceties	тонкости
unaccustomed	непривыкший
persistence	настойчивость
impasse	тупик, безвыходное положение
consistency	последовательность, постоянство
change their minds	передумать
litigious	сутяжнический
to be biased	руководствоваться
consumerism	потребительство
treat	обращаться
vary	различаться, варьироваться

Текст 4. Прочтите и переведите текст

PUBLIC BEHAVIOUR IN THE USA

It is a good idea to practice driving before getting on the freeways, particularly during work hours. Driving can be an intense challenge, especially for a visitor. Practically all Americans drive their own car.

Smoking is not commonplace and is subject to restrictions in most public places. Before smoking, the best policy is to ask if anyone minds, or wait to see if others smoke. Restaurants often have a section where smoking is permitted. Many hotels designate rooms as smoking and non-smoking. Certain states, like California, now have laws against smoking in public places such as restaurants and bars.

A handshake is the customary greeting for both men and women. Americans tend to refrain from greetings that involve hugging and other close physical contact, except with family members and friends. For the most part, they are unreceptive to being touched during conversation and other social situations. The standard space between you and your conversation partner should be about two feet. Most U.S. executives will be uncomfortable standing at a closer distance. Direct eye contact conveys that you are sincere, although it should not be too intense. Certain ethnic groups may look away to show respect. To point, you may use the index finger, although it's impolite to point at another person. To beckon someone, wave either all the fingers or just the index finger in a scooping motion, with the palm facing up. To show approval, there are two common gestures: the "O.K." sign, formed by making a circle of the thumb and index finger, and the "thumbs up" sign, formed by making a fist and pointing the thumb upward. The backslap is sometimes used as a sign of friendship, camaraderie. To wave goodbye, move your entire hand, with the palm facing outward.

When sitting U.S. citizens often look very relaxed. They may sometimes sit with the ankle of one leg on their knee or prop their feet up on chairs or desks. In formal business situations, however, you're advised to maintain good posture and a less casual pose. Crossing legs knee over knee is not considered arrogant, as in other cultures. In the U.S. this position is common and considered professional.

When giving an item to another person, it's common to toss it or hand it over with only one hand.

Слова и выражения к тексту

mind	возражать
designate	обозначать
greeting	приветствие
hugging	объятие
unreceptive	невосприимчивый
feet	футы (мера длины)
executive	директор
scooping	зачерпывающий
camaraderie	панибратство
prop	опереться
arrogant	надменный

Упражнение 1. Сопоставьте информацию из колонки А с информацией из колонки Б.

А The index finger is used One should wave all the fingers or just the index finger in a scooping motion, with the palm facing up The "O.K." sign and the "thumbs up" sign are applied The backslap is sometimes used You should move your entire hand, with the palm facing outward Crossing legs knee over knee is considered

Б to beckon someone. to point at another person. to wave goodbye. to show approval. professional. f) as a sign of friendship, camaraderie

Текст 5. Прочтите и переведите текст

WHAT AND HOW TO PRESENT IN THE USA

Presenting a gift is a thoughtful gesture, but it is not expected. Business gifts are often presented after the deal is closed. In most situations, gifts are usually unwrapped immediately and shown to all assembled. In many cases, the best gifts are those that come from your country. You may not receive a gift in return right away. During the Holiday season (late November through the first week of January), gifts are exchanged. For your business associates, you can give gifts such as useful items for the office, liquor or wine. Choose gifts with no religious connotations (i.e. don't buy Christmas ornaments) unless you are certain of the religious background of your associates. While Christmas is the dominant celebration, and is widely commercialized during this period, people may be celebrating many other holidays during this period.

Many stores and malls offer gift-wrapping services during the winter holidays. When you visit a home, it is not necessary to take a gift, although it is always appreciated. Flowers, a potted plant, or a bottle of wine are good gift choices. If you wish to give flowers, you can have them sent in advance to relieve your host or hostess of taking care of them when you arrive. If you stay in a U.S. home for a few days, a gift is appropriate. You may also write a thank-you note. Taking someone out for a meal or other form of entertainment is another popular gift. Gifts for women such as perfume or clothing are usually inappropriate. They are considered too personal. Gifts for children are often a thoughtful and appreciated gesture, but take into account the values of the parents. Many parents would object to your giving a toy gun or a violent video game to their child.

For a first meeting, you cannot go wrong if you dress conservatively. Afterwards, you may want to follow the example of your American counterparts. In U.S. business culture, dress tends to vary. In some parts of the country - the East in particular - most people wear business suits. In other areas, such as the West coast, a more relaxed approach to dressing is the norm in many workplaces. Executives in most regions of the country, however, usually dress quite formally.

Business suits or dresses are often the standard attire for women. Pantsuits, in classic styles, are also acceptable. Accessorizing, which adds flair to even very simple outfits, is also practiced here. When not working, feel free to dress casually. In their leisure hours, you will notice that Americans wear a wide range of casual items, such as running shoes, T-shirts, jeans, shorts, baseball caps, etc.

Слова и выражения к тексту

connotation	значение
potted plant	комнатное растение
in advance	заранее
inappropriate	неподходящий
object	возражать
attire	наряд
pantsuits	брючный костюм
flair	своеобразие

Упражнение 1. Ответьте на следующие вопросы к текстам 4-5.

1. What does the concept “time is money” mean?

2. What are the traits of American businesspeople?

3. What is the communication style of businesspeople?

4. What is the work ethic?

5. What kind of society is the United States?

1. What is practised in meetings to ease tensions before entering into business matters?

6. At what pace is business conducted?

2. What are the rituals involved in exchanging business cards?

3. What are the characteristics of American business culture?

10. When are gifts presented?

11. What gifts are presented?

12. How do businessmen dress?

13. What is the standard attire for women?