Практичне заняття №2

Тема заняття: Особливості ведення бізнесу в різних країнах

План заняття

I. Робота над текстом. Обговорення особливостей ведення бізнесу в різних країнах.

1. Read this article and choose one of these titles for it:

• When in Rome...

• Travelling abroad

• Doing business in Europe

• Problems that business people face

• Good manners, good business

• I didn't mean to be rude!

Nobody actually wants to cause offence but, as business becomes ever more international, it is increasingly easy to get it wrong. There may be a single European market but it does not mean that managers behave the same in Greece as they do in Denmark.

In many European countries handshaking is an automatic gesture. In France good manners require that on arriving at a business meeting a manager shakes hands with everyone present. This can be a demanding task and, in a crowded room, may require gymnastic ability if the farthest hand is to be reached.

Handshaking is almost as popular in other countries -including Germany, Belgium and Italy. But Northern Europeans, such as the British and Scandinavians, are not quite so fond of physical demonstrations of friendliness.

In Europe the most common challenge is not the content of the food, but the way you behave as you eat. Some things are just not done. In France it is not good manners to raise tricky questions of business over the main course. Business has its place: after the cheese course. Unless you are prepared to eat in silence you have to talk about something — something, that is, other than the business deal which you are continually chewing over in your head.

Italians give similar importance to the whole process of business entertaining. In fact, in Italy the biggest fear, as course after course appears, is that you entirely forget you are there on business. If you have the energy, you can always do the polite thing when the meal finally ends, and offer to pay. Then, after a lively discussion, you must remember the next polite thing to do - let your host pick up the bill.

In Germany, as you walk sadly back to your hotel room, you may wonder why your apparently friendly hosts have not invited you out for the evening. Don't worry, it is probably nothing personal. Germans do not entertain business people with quite the same enthusiasm as some of their European counterparts.

These cultural challenges exist side by side with the problems of doing business in a foreign language. Language, of course, is full of difficulties - disaster may be only a syllable away. But the more you know of the culture of the country you are dealing with, the less likely you are to get into difficulties. It is worth the effort. It might be rather hard to explain that the reason you lost the contract was not the product or the price, but the fact that you offended your hosts in a light-hearted comment over an aperitif. Good manners are admired: they can also make or break the deal.

2.Decide whether they are true or false according to the writer:

1. In France you are expected to shake hands with everyone you meet.

2. People in Britain shake hands just as much as people in Germany.

3. In France people prefer talking about business during meals.

4. It is not polite to insist on paying for a meal if you are in Italy.

5. Visitors in Germany never get taken out for meals.

6. A humorous remark always goes down well all over the world.

3.Answer the following questions:

• Which of the ideas in the article do you disagree with?

• What would you tell a foreign visitor about “good manners“ in Ukraine?

• How much do you think international business is improved by knowing about foreign people`s customs ?

4. Decide what is acceptable and what is not acceptable in our country. Put “Yes” or “No” for each idea. Make a short speech about the difference you have discovered.

	In Ukraine It is usual	In the UK it is usual to
Take your shoes off as you enter someone`s home		NO
Shake hands the first time you meet someone		YES
Shake hands when you meet a friend you last saw yesterday		NO
Kiss people on one cheek		YES
Kiss people on both cheeks		NO
Queue in one line if you are waiting for a bus		YES
Give flowers to a man NO		NO
Arrive early for a party		NO
Arrive at exactly the time you were invited		YES
Write to say thank you when you get home after you have stayed with someone		YES

II. Робота над граматичним матеріалом. Повторення. Present, Past, Future Continuous.

Present Continuous	Past Continuous	Future Continuous
to be (am, is, are)+ V(-ing)	was,were + V(-ing)	shall\will + be+ V(-ing)
I am working He (she, it) is working We (you, they) are working.	I was working He (she, it) was working We (you, they) were working.	I shall be working, He will be working
I am not working He (she, it) is not (isn’t) working We (you, they) are not (aren’t )working.	I was not working He (she, it) was not (wasn’t) working We (you, they) were not (weren’t) working.	I shall not be working, He will not be working
Am I working? Is he working? Are they working?	Was I working? Was he working? Were they working?	Shell I be working? Will he be working?

Вживання
Present Continuous	Past Continuous	Future Continuous
1.Для вираження тривалої дії, що відбувається в момент мовлення. Наявність слів, що позначають момент мовлення (now зараз; at this moment у цей момент), не обов'язкова, оскільки сама форма вказує, що дія відбувається в момент мовлення. Who is reading a book in that room? — Хто читає книжку в тій кімнаті? 2. Для вираження тривалої дії, що відбувається в теперішній час. She is writing a new book. — Вона (зараз) пише нову книгу. 3. Для вираження запланованої дії у найближчому майбутньому: We are going to the theatre tonight. —. Ми йдемо в театр сьогодні ввечері. 4. Для вираження наміру: I'm going to spend ту holidays in the Crimea. — Я збираюся провести канікули в Криму.	1. Для вираження дії, що тривала в певний момент у минулому. Цей момент може бути визначений: а) точним позначенням часу, наприклад, at that moment у той момент; at that time у той час, at 7 o'clock yesterday вчора о 7-й годині: At 7 o'clock we were listening to the radio. — О сьомій годині ми слухали радіо. Не was not reading a journal at that moment. — Він не читав журнал у топ час. б) іншою минулою дією, вираженою у the Past Indefinite: It was raining when I went out. — Коли я вийшов, ішов дощ.	Майбутній тривалий час означає тривалу дію в майбутньому: at five o'clock, at that (this) time, at noon (дія відбуватиметься в певний час у майбутньому): At this time tomorrow my mother will be waiting for me at the school gate. — Завтра у цей час моя мати буде чекати на мене біля шкільних воріт. They will be translating the text from two till four. — Вони перекладатимуть текст з другої до четвертої години.

1. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Simple or Present Continuous.

1. Her baby always (to sleep) after breakfast. 2. He can't talk to you now. He (to go) out. 3. The programme (to start) at nine o'clock every night. 4. I am sorry, but my friend (to wait) for me. 5. They (to go) to the beach now. 6. She never (to want) to go to the cinema. 7. Look at my daughter! She (to read). 8. Your grandmother (to sit) in the garden now? 9. She (to cook) dinner now? 10. They (to go) to the cinema very often? 11. It's nine o'clock but Jane still (to play) chess with her father. 12. Mary (to drive) to her office every day? 13. He (to be) in the library now? 14. I (not to study) at the moment. 15. Nick and Jane (to be) in their room. They (to speak). 16. He (to leave) the office every day at five. 17. What magazine you (to read) now? 18. Wait a minute! I (to put) my coat on. 19. Listen to Helen! She (to sing) a new song. 20. Where (to be) your husband? - He (to fish) now?

2. Put the verbs in brackets into Present, Past, Future Simple or Continuous.

1. We (to be) very busy now. We (to discuss) a very important question. 2. Where (to be) Peter? He (to have) his English lesson now? – No, he (to have) his English tomorrow. 3. Where (to be) Susan? – She (to work) in the library at the moment. She (to stop) working in an hour. 4. What the children (to do) when you (to come) home yesterday? – They (to play) in their room. 5. At two o'clock tomorrow we (to take) our French lesson. 6. This problem (to be) too difficult to discuss it now. I (to think) we (to discuss) it tomorrow, when we (to have) more time. 7. He (to spend) last week in hospital. He (to be) ill. 8. Why you (not to put) your coat on yesterday? It (to be) cold. 9. He (not to eat) when I (to come) yesterday. He (to read) a book. 10. As a rule he (to trans­late) two articles a week. But he (to translate) three articles last week. 11. She (not to see) me when I (to come) into the room. She (to read) at the moment. 12. We (to wait) for them at two o'clock tomorrow. We (to be) sure they (to come) in time. 13. My friend (to walk) when it (to begin) raining 14. Tomorrow he still (to work) when I come home. 15. Yesterday I (to return) home at eight o'clock it (to get) dark and (to rain) at the time. 16. I (to cut) my finger when I (to peel) an apple. 17. Let's go to the cinema when the lessons (to be) over. 18. He (to become) furious when he (to understand) that he was late. 19. If she (not to come) tomorrow, ring her up.

3. Translate into English using Present, Past and Future Simple or Continuous.

1. Она была очень счастлива, когда получила приз. 2. Посмотри на котёнка! Он прыгает по комнате. 3. Он упал с лестницы и ушиб руку, когда красил стену. 4. Если вы перемешаете коричневый и белые цвета, вы получите бежевый цвет. 5. Я поговорю с ним об этом, когда встречу его. 6. Мой сын ещё будет делать уроки, когда я приду домой. 7. Мы надеемся, что он примет участие в этой работе. 8. Всю прошлую неделю он готовился к экзаменам. 9. Вчера в шесть вечера она возвращалась с работы. 10. Когда я пришёл домой, я увидел, что дома никого нет. 11. Мы отдыхали в своей комнате, когда отец вернулся с работы. 12. Я зашел на кухню и увидел, что моя жена готовила обед.13. Она позвонит вам, как только получит необходимую информацию. 14. Не приходите завтра в два часа: он будет занят в это время и не поможет вам. 16. Я думаю, что мы пойдем на прогулку, когда закон­чится дождь.

III. Робота над текстом за фахом.

BRAILLE

B raille /ˈbreɪl/ is a tactile writing system used by the blind and the visually impaired. It is traditionally written with embossed paper. Braille-users can read computer screens and other electronic supports thanks to refreshable braille displays. They can write braille with the original  stylus or type it on a braille writer, such as a portable braille note-taker, or on a computer that prints with a braille embosser.

Braille is named after its creator, Frenchman Louis Braille, who went blind following a childhood accident. In 1824, at the age of 15, Braille developed his code for the French alphabet as an improvement on night writing. He published his system, which subsequently included musical notation, in 1829. The second revision, published in 1837, was the first digital (binary) form of writing.

Braille characters are small rectangular blocks called cells that contain tiny palpable bumps called raised dots. The number and arrangement of these dots distinguish one character from another. Since the various braille alphabets originated as transcription codes of printed writing systems, the mappings (sets of character designations) vary from language to language. Furthermore, in English Braille there are three levels of encoding: Grade 1, a letter-by-letter transcription used for basic literacy; Grade 2, an addition of abbreviations and contractions; and Grade 3, various non-standardized personal shorthands.

Braille cells are not the only thing to appear in embossed text. There may be embossed illustrations and graphs, with the lines either solid or made of series of dots, arrows, bullets that are larger than braille dots, etc.

In the face of screen-reader software, braille usage has declined. However, braille education remains important for developing reading skills among blind and visually impaired children, and braille literacy correlates with higher employment rates.

IV. Виконання пілятекстових вправ.

1.Підготуйте до словникового диктанту слова та словосполучення:

tactile – тактильний

writing system – система письма, система запису

visually impaired – слабозорий

embossed – рельєфний

refreshable – той, що оновлюється

stylus – стилус

rectangular – прямокутний

cell – чарунка (рус.ячейка)

palpable bump – відчутна випуклість

raised dot – рельєфна точка

mapping – відображення, схема

shorthand – умовне позначення

graph – графік, схема

solid – суцільний, без прогалин

bullet – маркер, чорна точка

2.Продовжіть речення:

1. Braille  is a tactile writing system used by …

2. Braille is named after …

3. Braille characters are called …

4. Cells that contain … called …

5. One character from another is distinguished by …

6. In English Braille there are … levels of encoding: …

7. Braille education remains important for … 

Список літератури:

1. Барановська Т.В. Граматика англійської мови. Збірник вправ / Т.В. Барановська. – К.: ВП Логос-М, 2008. – 384 с.

2. Верба Л.Г. Граматика сучасної англійської мови/ Л.Г. Верба, Г.В. Верба. – К :ТОВ Логос-М, 2007. – 352 с.

3.Гужва Т.М. Reasons to Speak. Сучасні розмовні теми / Тетяна Гужва. – Х.: Торсінг Плюс, 2006. – 320 с.