2. Answer the questions:

1. What company do the origins of JIT trace to?

2. Why did Toyota decide to change its standards of production?

3. What consideration did Toyota have while refusing the American way?

4. What did Toyota JIT manufacturing strategy center on?

5. What does Kanban mean? Name the two types of Kanban.

Unit 7 planning and arranging transport

1. Translate the text:

Freight Transport Logistics in Europe – the key to sustainable mobility

Europe’s transport policy has been characterized by liberalization and harmonization over the years. This has slowly shaped the transport system into what is today. Globalization and concept of wider Europe create further challenges. Te fast growth of freight transport – driven to a large extent by economic decisions – contributes to growth and employment but also causes congestion, accidents, noise, pollution, increased reliance on imported fossil fuels, and energy loss. Infrastructure resources are limited and any disruption in the supply chain (i.e. energy) has necessarily a negative impact on the EU economy. Without adequate measures, the situation will continue worsening and increasingly undermine Europe’s competitiveness and the environment that we all live in.

To overcome such problems, Europe’s transport system need to be optimized by means of advanced logistic solutions. Logistics can increase the efficiency of individual modes of transport and their combinations. As a result, fewer units of transport, such as vehicles, wagons, and vessels should carry more freight. Impact on the environment will decrease accordingly. Rail and inland waterways need to be modernized. Air freight should be more closely integrated in the system. The positive development of short sea shipping should be accelerated. Deep-sea shipping and its hinterland connections need to be enhanced. Shifts to more environmentally friendly modes must be achieved where appropriate, especially on long distance, in urban areas, and on congested corridors.

At the same time each transport mode must be optimized. All modes must become more environmentally friendly, safer, and more energy efficient. Finally, co-modality, i.e. the efficient use of different modes on their own and in combinations, will result in an optimal and sustainable utilization of resources.

Answer the questions:

1. Do you also have to deal with growing freight traffic in your country?

2. How do you think transport systems could be improved?

3. How do you think intermodal transport systems can make

2. Translate the text: Things to Know Before Shipping Goods to Russia

Whether you’re moving overseas or sending gifts to faraway family, there are many things you’ll want to understand before you ship internationally. Shipping goods to Russia or any other country overseas can be complicated and expensive so it can be a good idea to know the options before shelling out a lot of money to ship your items. Finding a good company that can help you prepare and process your shipment is one of the most important parts of getting your items to their destination safely. There are many regulations and other complications that make it necessary to turn to an expert in international shipping for your needs.

From the way the items are packaged to the types of items you can and cannot ship, there are many regulations that are unique to shipping to Russia or other countries. Domestic shipping is a completely different entity than international, so you need to understand the differences in order to protect your items during their long journey. An expert in the field, such as an international logistics company, can give you a full service approach to preparing your goods for the long journey to their overseas destination.

Using a company that specializes in shipping containers to Russia will save you tons of time on trying to research the wealth of regulations in place on shipments of this type. It’s not as simple as shipping domestically, and can be quite a lot more expensive as well. Protecting your goods on their trip is much easier to do when you let an expert in the field help you along the way. From packing your goods correctly to using the right shipping container, they can take the guesswork out of this complicated and expensive endeavor. You can get the peace of mind you need with the help of an international shipping expert.

There are three ways that a logistics company can help you when shipping to Russia. Though the cold war has long since been merely a footnote in history, the fact is that Russia and the United States often deals with one another through trade more and more with each passing year. What was once an arduous ordeal is now incredibly easy, if you take the advantage that comes with an experienced logistics company. And, though it can seem like an added expense to what is already a bloated budget, the money is more than worth it. Here are the top three things that an experienced international shipping logistics company can do for you and your shipment.

Customs Clearance

One of the most important things that an international shipping company can do for your shipment is to get it into the country of its destination without delay. There are more than 196 countries, each with its own unique customs and importation regulations. Make sure that when you are shipping to Russia or anywhere else, that your shipments are able to clear customs easily and efficiently.

Door To Door Service

Another great service provided by international shipping logistics companies is the ability to provide door to door service. Your logistics representative will be able to coordinate your cargo from your front door to the shipping docks, where it will be packaged and placed on the sea freighter.

Coordinating Several Methods Of Shipping

And, another great feature that a logistics company offers is the ability to coordinate each and every part of your shipment, from the point of destination to the point of delivery, through sea, air and rail freight.

Answer the questions:

1. What is the firs stage before shipping goods to Russia?

2. What are three ways of shipping goods to Russia according to the text?

3. Is shipping equal for each country?