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James Watt, a famous inventor and mechanical engineer, was born on January 19, 1736, in Scotland. He worked as a mathematical- instrument maker from the age of 19 and soon became interested in improving the steam engine, which was used at that time to pump out water from mines.

Watt is known for his improvements of the steam engine. He determined the properties of steam, especially the relation of its density to its temperature and pressure, and designed a separate condensing chamber for the steam engine that prevented large losses of steam in the cylinder. For this device and other improvements in steam engine Watt received the first patent in 1769.

Watt continued his research and patented rotary engine for driving various types of machinery; the double action engine, in which steam is admitted alternately into both end of the cylinder; and the steam indicator, which records the steam pressure in the engine. He retired from the firm manufacturing steam engines in 1800 and devoted himself to research work.

In 1788 he invented the centrifugal or fly ball governor, which automatically regulated the speed of an engine. It uses the feedback principle of a servomechanism, linking output to input, which is the basic concept of automation. The watt, the unit of power, was named in his honour.

Engines

Слова и словосочетания к тексту:

blade n	—	лопасть, лопатка
attach v	—	прикреплять, присоединять
furnace n	—	печь, топка
imperfection n	—	несовершенство
ignite v	—	воспламенять
drive (drive-driven) v	—	вращать, приводить в движение
internal combustion engine	—	двигатель внутреннего сгорания

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The first engine was called the “water wheel”. This was an ordinary wheel with blades fixed to it, and the current of a river turned it. These first engines were used for irrigating fields.

Then a wind-powered engine was invented. It was a small wheel with long wide wooden blades attached to it. The new engine was driven by the wind. Both of these engines are very economical, they do not need fuel in order to function. But they are dependent on the weather.

Many years passed and people invented a new engine, operated by steam. In a steam engine, there is a furnace and a boiler. The furnace is filled with wood or coal and then lit. The fire heats the water in the boiler and when it boils, it turns into steam which does some useful work.

The steam engine drove all sorts of machines, for example, steam ships and steam locomotives. The very first airplane built by A.F. Mozhaisky also had a steam engine. However the steam engine had its disadvantages. It was too large and heavy and needed too much fuel. The imperfections of the steam engine led to the design of a new type. It was called the internal combustion engine, because its fuel ignites and burns inside the engine itself but not in the furnace. It is smaller and lighter than a steam engine because it doesn’t have a boiler. It is also more powerful. The internal combustion engine is now used in cars, diesel locomotives and motor ships.

Lesson 2

Diesel Engine

Слова и словосочетания к тексту:

inject v	—	впрыскивать
highly compressed air	—	сильно сжатый воздух
a fine spray	—	мелко распыленная струя
put out v	—	вырабатывать
brake horsepower	—	мощность, эффективная лошадиная сила
piston n	—	поршень
friction n	—	трение
rmp – revolution per minute	—	оборот в минуту
charge v	—	заряжать
scavenge v	—	продувать
blower n	—	компрессор, нагнетатель
connecting rod	—	шатун
crankshaft n	—	коленчатый вал
nozzle n	—	форсунка, сопло
liner n	—	втулка, вкладыш, прокладка
crank pin	—	палец кривошипа
valve spring	—	пружина клапана
crankcase n	—	картер двигателя
piston ring	—	поршневое кольцо
auxiliary a	—	вспомогательный