28. Give American English equivalents.

1. Curtain.- 2. Petrol-gasoline 3. Bill.-check 4. Pavement-sidewalk. 5. Postbox-mailbox. 6. Tap-faucet. 7. Lift-elevator. 8. Railway-railroad. 9. Motor-car.-automobile 10. State school.-public school 11. Chemist.-drug store 12. Underground.-subway 13. Biscuits-cookies. 14. Rubbish.-garbage,trash 15. Torch.-flashlight.

29. Define the close relation s of the words to the dominant words: vehicle, flower, animal, plant, reptile.

Vehicle:car,bus,lorry,taxi,tram,coach,truck,caravan.

Flower:daffodil,tulip,seal,rosa,snowdrop.

Animal:bear,fox,squirrel,zebra.

Plant:grass,ash,oak,maple,bush,tree.

Reptile:snake,lizard.

30. Define the difference in meaning of the given compounds possessing the change of distributional patterns.

1.Vid-kid(A child raised on television and video games with little or no parental supervision) - kid-vid(television programs,television programming or videotapes for children); 

2.Pot-flower(flowers which grows in the room) – flower-pot;(A pot in which plans are grown)

3.fruit-market (the geographic area where you will market fresh fruits and vegetables)– market-fruit;(market)

4.boat-house(a building especially designed for the storage of boats,normally smaller craft for sports or leasure use) – house-boat;(a boat that has been designed to be used primarily as a home)

5.school-grammar – grammar-school(different types of school in the history of education in the UK);

6.board-school(one of various former elementary schools established in Great Britain.) – school-board(a group of people who are elected to make decisions about how to manage a school).

31.What is the aim of Lexicology? What are the main Methods of Research?

Lexicology derives from two Greek words lexis "word" and logos "learning". It is

a branch of Linguistics dealing with the vocabulary system of the language. It studies the total sum of all the words that the language possesses. Thus, this science studies the properties of the words as the basic units of the language.

The word can be defined as a structural and semantic entity of the language

system. The word is simultaneously a semantic, grammatical and phonological unit.

Lexicology studies various lexical units: words, variable word-groups, phraseological units, and morphemes which make up words. The word as well as any linguistic sign is a two-faced unit possessing both form and content or in other words sound-form and meaning.The term vocabulary means the total sum of words that there are in the language.

Methods of Linguistic Analysis

• Observation is the basic phase of all modern scientific investigations

including linguistics. In other words, we deal with the inductive method of inquiry.

The key role of the opening phase of linguistic analysis is that the statements of fact must be based on observation, not on unsupported authority, logical conclusions or personal preferences.

• Classification is the second phase that comes after observation. Every

lexicological research is based on collecting linguistic examples. At this stage of

linguistic analysis the stored facts, the collected data, and empirical material undergo some grouping.

• Generalization is the third stage of the linguistic analysis at which the

collection of data and their classification must eventually lead to the formulation of a hypotheses, rule, or law.

32.What Branches of Linguistics are closely connected with Lexicology?

The term «lexicology» is of Greek origin / from «lexis» - «word» and «logos» - «science». Lexicology is the part of linguistics, which deals with the vocabulary and characteristic features of words and word-groups.

Lexicology can study the development of the vocabulary, the origin of words and word-groups, their semantic relations and the development of their sound form and meaning. In this case it is called historical lexicology. Another branch of lexicology is called descriptive and studies the vocabulary at a definite stage of its development.

Lexicology is a branch of linguistics – the science of language. The literal meaning of the term “lexicology” is “the science of the word”. Lexicology as a branch of linguistics has its own aims & methods of scientific research. Its basic task – being a study & systematic description of vocabulary in respect to its origin, development & its current use. Lexicology is concerned with words, variable word-groups, phraseological units & morphemes, which make up words.

Distinction is made between GENERAL LEXICOLOGY & SPECIAL LEXICOLOGY. General lexicology is a part of General linguistics. It is concerned with the study of vocabulary irrespective of the specific features of any particular language. Special lexicology is the lexicology of a particular language (Russian, German, French, etc.).

Lexicology is closely connected with other branches of linguistics: phonetics, for example, investigates the phonetic structure of language & is concerned with the study of the outer sound-form of the word. Grammar is the study of the grammatical structure of language. It is concerned with the various means of expressing grammatical relations between words as well as with patterns after which words are combined into word-groups & sentences. There is also a close relationship between lexicology & stylistics, which is concerned with a study of a nature, functions & styles of languages.

Lexicology – 'science of the word', a branch of linguistics, which basic task is a study and systematic description of vocabulary in respect to its origin, development and current use.

1. general lexicology – part of general linguistics, is concerned with the study of vocabulary irrespective of the specific features of any particular language;

2. special lexicology – the lexicology of a particular language, i.e. the study and description of its vocabulary and vocabulary units, primarily words as the main units of language.; special lexicology is based on the principles worked out and laid down by general lexicology, a general theory of vocabulary. Special lexicology employs synchronic (q.v.) and diachronic (q.v.) approaches: - special descriptive lexicology (synchronic lexicology) – deals with the vocabulary and vocabulary units of a particular language at a certain time - special historical lexicology (diachronic lexicology) – deals with the changes and the development of vocabulary in the course of time

33	What is the definition of the basic language unit? What are the structural types of words in English?

Study of the article lexicology as industries of linguistics, its connection with the sections of linguistics. Description of word as an element of language. Correlation of phonetic and semantic types of motive in lexical units of English

1.language unit - one of the natural units into which linguistic messages can be analyzed linguistic unit

discourse - extended verbal expression in speech or writing

word - a unit of language that native speakers can identify; "words are the blocks from which sentences are made"; "he hardly said ten words all morning"

syllable - a unit of spoken language larger than a phoneme; "the word `pocket' has two syllables"

lexeme - a minimal unit (as a word or stem) in the lexicon of a language; `go' and `went' and `gone' and `going' are all members of the English lexeme `go'

morpheme - minimal meaningful language unit; it cannot be divided into smaller meaningful units

formative - minimal language unit that has a syntactic (or morphological) function

name - a language unit by which a person or thing is known; "his name really is George Washington"; "those are two names for the same thing"

string - a linear sequence of symbols (characters or words or phrases)

collocation - a grouping of words in a sentence

speech sound, phone, sound - (phonetics) an individual sound unit of speech without concern as to whether or not it is a phoneme of some language

sign - a fundamental linguistic unit linking a signifier to that which is signified; "The bond between the signifier and the signified is arbitrary"--de Saussure

component part, part, portion, component, constituent - something determined in relation to something that includes it; "he wanted to feel a part of something bigger than himself"; "I read a portion of the manuscript"; "the smaller component is hard to reach"; "the animal constituent of plankton"

34	What are the morphological structure of the English words? Give the classification of morphemes.

The morphological structure of a word. Morphemes. Types of morphemes. Allomorphs. II. Structural types of words. III. Principles of morphemic analysis. IV. Derivational level of analysis. Stems. Types of stems. Derivational types of words. I. The morphological structure of a word. Morphemes.

Types of Morphemes. Allomorphs. There are two levels of approach to the study of word- structure: the level of morphemic analysis and the level of derivational or word-formation analysis. Word is the principal and basic unit of the language system, the largest on the morphologic and the smallest on the syntactic plane of linguistic analysis. It has been universally acknowledged that a great many words have a composite nature and are made up

of morphemes, the basic units on the morphemic level, which are defined as the smallest indivisible two-facet language units. The term morpheme is derived from Greek morphe “form ”+ -eme. The Greek suffix –eme has been adopted by linguistic to denote the smallest unit or the minimum distinctive feature. The morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of form. A form in these cases a recurring discrete unit of speech.

Morphemes occur in speech only as constituent parts of words, not independently, although a word may consist of single morpheme. Even a cursory examination of the morphemic structure of English words reveals that they are composed of morphemes of different types: root-morphemes and affixational morphemes. Words that consist of a root and an affix are called derived words or derivatives and are produced by the process of word building known as affixation (or derivation).

The root-morpheme is the lexical nucleus of the word; it has a very general and abstract lexical meaning common to a set of semantically related words constituting one word-cluster, e.g. (to) teach, teacher, teaching. Besides the lexical meaning root-morphemes possess all other types of meaning proper to morphemes except the part-of-speech meaning which is not found in roots. Affixational morphemes include inflectional affixes or inflections and derivational affixes.