III. Find words and word combinations that mean the following.
1.
Stock from which material is taken to be fed (charged) into a
processing unit.
2.
A general term used for low boiling hydrocarbon fractions that are a
major component of gasoline.
3. A naturally occurring mixture
of hydrocarbons that usually includes small quantities of sulfur,
nitrogen, and oxygen derivatives of hydrocarbons as well as trace
metals.
4.
A low-temperature cracking process used to reduce the viscosity or
pour point of straight-run residuum.
5.
A number indicating the relative antiknock characteristics of
gasoline.
6. A process using sulfuric or hydrofluoric acid as a
catalyst to combine olefins (usually butylene) and isobutane to
produce a high-octane product known as alkylate.
7.
A material that aids or promotes a chemical reaction between other
substances but does not react itself.
IV. Summarize the history of refining using the following table.
TABLE 1. HISTORY OF
REFINING
|
Year
|
Process name
|
Purpose
|
By-products, etc.
|
1862
|
Atmospheric
distillation
|
Produce kerosene
|
Naphtha, tar, etc.
|
1870
|
Vacuum distillation
|
Lubricants
(original)
Cracking feedstocks (1930's)
|
Asphalt, residual
coker
feedstocks
|
1913
|
Thermal cracking
|
Increase gasoline
|
Residual, bunker fuel
|
1916
|
Sweetening
|
Reduce sulfur &
odor
|
Sulfur
|
1930
|
Thermal reforming
|
Improve octane number
|
Residual
|
1932
|
Hydrogenation
|
Remove sulfur
|
Sulfur
|
1932
|
Coking
|
Produce gasoline
basestocks
|
Coke
|
1933
|
Solvent extraction
|
Improve lubricant
viscosity index
|
Aromatics
|
1935
|
Solvent dewaxing
|
Improve pour point
|
Waxes
|
1935
|
Cat. polymerization
|
Improve gasoline
yield
& octane number
|
Petrochemical
feedstocks
|
1937
|
Catalytic cracking
|
Higher octane gasoline
|
Petrochemical
feedstocks
|
1939
|
Visbreaking
|
Reduce viscosity
|
Increased
distillate,tar
|
1940
|
Alkylation
|
Increase gasoline
octane & yield
|
High-octane aviation
gasoline
|
1940
|
Isomerization
|
Produce alkylation
feedstock
|
Naphtha
|
1942
|
Fluid catalytic
cracking
|
Increase gasoline yield
& octane
|
Petrochemical
feedstocks
|
1950
|
Deasphalting
|
Increase cracking
feedstock
|
Asphalt
|
1952
|
Catalytic reforming
|
Convert low-quality
naphtha
|
Aromatics
|
1954
|
Hydrodesulfurization
|
Remove sulfur
|
Sulfur
|
1956
|
Inhibitor sweetening
|
Remove mercaptan
|
Disulfides
|
1957
|
Catalytic isomerization
|
Convert to molecules
with high octane number
|
Alkylation feedstocks
|
1960
|
Hydrocracking
|
Improve quality and
reduce sulfur
|
Alkylation feedstocks
|
1974
|
Catalytic dewaxing
|
Improve pour point
|
Wax
|
1975
|
Residual hydrocracking
|
Increase gasoline yield
from residual
|
Heavy residuals
|
|
