I. Decide if the statements are true or false.

1. Octane number (antiknock), volatility (starting and vapor lock), and vapor pressure (environmental control) are important qualities for gasoline.

2. Kerosene is a refined final-distillate petroleum product that finds considerable use as a jet fuel and around the world in cooking and space heating.

3. LPG, which consists principally of propane and butane, is produced for use as fuel and is an intermediate material in the manufacture of motor gasoline.

4. Diesel fuels and domestic heating oils have boiling ranges of about 375°-525° F.

5. Marine vessels, power plants, commercial buildings and industrial facilities use residual fuels for heating and processing.

6. Asphalt, used for roads and roofing materials, doesn’t necessarily need to be inert to most chemicals and weather conditions.

7. Benzene, toluene, and xylene are used as solvents.

8. The most critical quality for lubricating-oil base stock is a low viscosity index, which provides for greater consistency under varying temperatures.

II. Answer the following questions.

1. Why are additives often used?

2. What is kerosene with less-critical specifications used for?

3. What are the important specifications for proper performance of

LPG?

4. What is coke?

5. How are such products as ethylene, propylene, butylene, and isobutylene used?

III. Complete the word combinations below with appropriate words from the box.

range pressure burning number product feedstock fuel

facilities carbon materials plants tanks point temperatures

oil index control material buildings formation

1. refinery

2. octane

3. vapor

4. rust

5. ambient

6. freeze

7. boiling

8. clean

9. storage

10. power

11. commercial

12. industrial

13. pure

14. roofing

15. petrochemical

16. lubricating

17. viscosity

18. environmental

19. intermediate

20. jet

III. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Автомобильный бензин является самым важным продуктом нефтепереработки.

2. Для повышения эксплуатационных свойств и защиты от окисления и образования ржавчины часто используют различные добавки.

3. При использовании в качестве реактивного топлива, важнейшими характеристиками керосина являются температура застывания, температура вспышки и максимальная высота некоптящего пламени.

4. Сжиженный нефтяной газ, состоящий, главным образом, из пропана и бутана, используется в качестве топлива и является промежуточным материалом в производстве нефтепродуктов.

5. Многие морские суда, электростанции, здания делового назначения и промышленные предприятия используют мазут либо его сочетание с дистиллятным топливом для обогрева и работы.

Text 3 Petroleum Refining Operations

Petroleum refining processes and operations can be separated into five basic areas:

1. …………. is the separation of crude oil in atmospheric and vacuum distillation towers into groups of hydrocarbon compounds of differing boiling-point ranges called "fractions" or "cuts."

2. …………… processes change the size and/or structure of hydrocarbon molecules. These processes include:

• Decomposition (dividing) by thermal and catalytic cracking;

• Unification (combining) through alkylation and polymerization; and

• Alteration (rearranging) with isomerization and catalytic reforming.

3. …………. processes are intended to prepare hydrocarbon streams for additional processing and to prepare finished products. Treatment may include the removal or separation of aromatics and naphthenes as well as impurities and undesirable contaminants. Treatment may involve chemical or physical separation such as dissolving, absorption, or precipitation using a variety and combination of processes including desalting, drying, hydrodesulfurizing, solvent refining, sweetening, solvent extraction, and solvent dewaxing.

4. ……………. is the process of mixing and combining hydrocarbon fractions, additives, and other components to produce finished products with specific performance properties.

5. ……………. include: light-ends recovery; sour-water stripping; solid waste and wastewater treatment; process-water treatment and cooling; storage and handling; product movement; hydrogen production; acid and tail gas treatment; and sulfur recovery.

Auxiliary operations and facilities include: steam and power generation; process and fire water systems; flares and relief systems; furnaces and heaters; pumps and valves; supply of steam, air, nitrogen, and other plant gases; alarms and sensors; noise and pollution controls; sampling, testing, and inspecting; and laboratory, control room, maintenance, and administrative facilities.