7. I have to study for an exam, but let's go to the movies anyhow or;

8. I have to study for an exam, but I'll do it when we get home from the movies.

The inferential strategy is to establish, first, that the primary illocutionary point departs from the literal, and second, what the primary illocutionary point is.

Task 7. Read the dialogues and then consider any of the cases of indirect speech act analysis. Use Reference Notes 3 and the example case in Task 5 as the scheme for your analysis.

1. Cornelius walked a lot that day, he didn’t want to visit the auction, to look how all those things of his would be sold. He unlocked the front door as the clock on the nearby church struck three. The phone began to ring just as he entered the room. Cornelius picked up the phone to hear Frank’s voice on the other side of the line.

“Did you remember to withdraw the chess set from the afternoon sale?” Frank asked, without bothering with any formalities.

“What are you talking about?” said Cornelius.

(by Jeffrey Archer)

2. Bill looked up as Henry approached the bar.

“I thought you had a visiting Minister to take care of today?”

“His plane doesn’t land until 3:30,” Henry said. “I dropped by because I wanted to have a word with you.”

(by Jeffrey Archer)

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SEMINAR III.

Speech Acts: Some Syntactical Aspects of the Classification.

Now we will examine the deep structure of explicit performative sentences, that is, the syntactical structure of sentences containing the performative occurrence of appropriate illocutionary verbs.

Task 1. Reconstruct the deep structure of the following types of speech acts. The first is done for you.

Assertives. The deep structure of such paradigm assertive sentences as "I state that it is raining" and "I predict he will come" is simply I + verb+(that) + S. This class, as a class, provides no further constraints; though particular verbs may provide further constraints. For example, "predict" requires that an Aux in the lower S must be future or, at any rate, cannot be past.

Directives. "I order you to leave" is thus the surface structure realization of "I order you + you will leave" with equivalent NP deletion of the repeated "you".

Thus, such sentences as "I order you to leave" and "I command you to stand at attention" have the following deep structure: _____________________________

Verbs, having directive syntax, are:

1. the paradigm directive verbs "____", "__________", and "___________";

2. "invite" and "advise" (in one of its senses);

3. "permit" also has the syntax of directives, though giving permission is not trying to get someone to do something, rather it consists in removing antecedently existing restrictions on his doing it;

4. "dare", "defy", and "challenge" (Austin included them with "apologize", "thank", "congratulate", etc.).

Commissives.

1) "I promise to pay you the money", is the surface structure realization of _________________________________. Thus, such sentences as "I promise (you) to pay you the money", and "I pledge allegiance to the flag", and "I vow to get revenge", have the deep structure

____________________________________. (1)

We hear the difference in syntax between

1. "I promise you to come on Wednesday" = _____________________;

and b. "I order you to come on Wednesday" = _______________________.

2) Not all of the paradigm commissives have "you" as an indirect object of the performative verb. In the sentence "I pledge allegiance to the flag" the deep structure is _______________________________.

_________________________________. (1a)

*What is the deep structure of the sentence "I promise that Henry will be here on Wednesday"?— _____________________________________________________.

Expressives. Expressives characteristically require a nominalization transformations of the verb, which are often gerundive. We say: