1) I apologize for stepping on your toe.

I congratulate you on winning the race.

2) I apologize for behaving badly = I apologize for_________________.

but not, * I apologize that I behaved badly or * I apologize to behave badly.

The deep structure of such sentences is: __________________________________.

There are certain assertive verbs that have a different syntax from the paradigms above. Usually the paradigm assertives have the syntactical form

I verb (that) + S.

But, if we consider such assertive verbs as "diagnose", "call", and "describe", as well as, "class", "classify", and "identify", we find that they do not fit this pattern at all.

Task 2. Consider "call", "describe", and "diagnose", in the following pairs of sentences. Which of them are appropriate?

• I call him a liar. (_________) – I call that he is a liar. (______________)

• I diagnose his case as appendicitis. (____________) – I diagnose that his case is appendicitis. (_____________)

• I describe John as a Fascist. (_____________) – I describe that John is a Fascist. (_______________)

In general the form of these is __________________________________.

Note: There seems to be a very severe set of restrictions on an important class of assertive verbs, which is not shared by the other paradigms. Utterances He is a liar. He has appendicitis. He is a Fascist are all characteristically statements, in the making of which we call, diagnose, and describe, as well as, accuse, identify, and characterize. We conclude then that there are typically two syntactical forms for assertive illocutionary verbs; one of which focuses on propositional content, the other on the object(s) referred to in the propositional content, but both are semantically assertives.

Task 3. Find out the deep syntactical structure of the following three classes of utterances:

1. I find you guilty as charged ________________+ ___________________

I now pronounce you man and wife _____________ + ____________________

1I appoint you chairman  __________________ + ______________________

2. War is hereby declared  _________________ + _____________________

I declare the meeting adjourned  ____________ + _____________________

3. You're fired  ______________________ + __________________________

I resign  ____________________________ + _________________________

I excommunicate you.  _____________________ + _____________________

The deep syntactical structure of these three, respectively, is as follows:

1. ______________________

2. ______________________

3. a) ___________________

b) ___________________

Task 4. Study Reference Notes 1 and 2 and discuss the Maxims by Paul Grice and the Politeness Maxims by Geoffrey Leech. What is in common and what are the differences?

Task 5. Study Reference Notes 4 and consider the following questions:

1. Are there any verbs that do not mark illocutionary points but rather the style or manner of performance of an illocutionary act?

2. Which verbs do not mark illocutionary point at all, but some other feature?

3. Give examples of verbs that mark more than one illocutionary point.

4. Name some verbs that can take either the directive syntax or the assertive syntax. Give examples of utterances with different syntactical structures.

5. Can a verb express different illocutionary points at the same time? Give examples.