1. Вища медична освіта.

• What faculties are there in ONMU?

There are 6 faculties: medical, stomatological, pediatric, pharmcutical, international and faculty for advanced medical students in the ONMU.

• Thanks to whose efforts was ONMU founded?

ONMU was founded thanks to Pirogov efforts.

• Who was the first rector of the Medical Academy?

Zabolotniy was the first rector of ONMU

• When was the status of national University given to ONMU?

The status of national University was given to ONMU in 2000.

• When was the Medical Faculty of Novorossiysky University founded?

The Medical Faculty of Novorossiysky University was founded in 1920.

• How do medical universities admit their students?

Medical universities admit their student on the basis of the External Independent Tests

• What was N.I. Pirogov famous for?

N.I.Pirogov was famous for his surgeon practisi, for his working as an army doctor during wars, and from his work in the Crimea, he is considered to be the father of field surgery; he also originated the intravenous administration of ether as an anesthetic and conducted an important investigation of cholera, based on almost 800 sections, he was the first who used plaster and originated a way to amputate membrums.

• What important investigation did N.I. Pirogov conduct?

He conducted an important investigation of cholera, based on almost 800 sections

• Why is Pirogov considered to be the founder of field surgery?

From his work in the Crimea, he is considered to be the father of field surgery.

2.Система охорони здоров”я.

• When was the WHO founded?

The WHO was founded on the 7^th of april 1948.

• What are the current priorities of the WHO?

Its current priorities include communicable diseases, in particular, HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis; the elimination of the effects of non-communicable diseases; sexual and reproductive health, development, and aging; nutrition, food security and healthy eating; occupational health; substance abuse.

• What are the ambulances equipped with?

The ambulances are equipped with the first-aid kits, artificial respiration apparatus, splints, thermometrs, tonometrs, cardiograph; they are also radio equipped.

• What medical things does the first-aid kit contain?

The first-aid kit contains such medical hings as ampoules, boxes, vials with different drugs and tubes with liniment; alcohol, cotton wadding, disposable syringes for IV and IM injections; antiseptics, brilliant green, iodine, adhesive plasters to clean and close wounds; bandage and tourniquet to stop bleeding; inhalers for people suffering from respiratory diseases; enema, probe, hot water bottle for those who have troubles with the gastrointestinal tract; masks and gloves for the first-aid doctors for their personal protection

• What drugs are there in the first-aid kit?

Among medicines there are pain-killers, tonics, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory remedies, emetics and anti-emetics, antipyretics, sedatives and hypnotics, laxatives and suppositories in the first-aid kit. It may contain even narcotic medicines to relieve pain in severe cases.

3. Система медичних закладів

• What medical institutions do you know?

There are hospitals, polycliniks, chemist shops, medical universities and so on.

• What specialists work at the polyclinic?

There are a lot of specialists working at the polyclinic: therapeutists, neurologists, dermatologists, urologists, ophthalmologists, ENT-doctors, traumatologists, endocrinologists, surgeons, etc.

• What helps the physician to make a correct diagnoses?

The proper examination of the patient with known aetiology help the physican to make a correct diagnoses.

• What procedures does a doctor carry on during medical examination?

A number of different procedures is used to establish a diagnosis: history-taking; physical examination, which includes visual examination, palpation, percussion, auscultation; laboratory studies, consisting of urinalysis, blood, sputum and other analyses; instrumental studies, for example, taking electrocardiograms or cystoscopy, X-ray examination and others.

• What are the duties of the nurse?

The nurse on duty takes the patients' temperature, gives them intramuscular and intravenous injections or sets a dropper if administered before, takes stomach juice for analysis. Besides, she leads the patients to different procedures such as gastroscopy or ultrasound of the abdominal cavity organs that are usually carried out on an empty stomach. The nurse also gives all the prescribed remedies in the doses indicated by the ward doctors.

• What is usually written in a patient’s case history?

Their names, age, place of work, occupation, address and the initial diagnosis made by a doctor at the polyclinic are usually written in a patient’s case history.

• What is it necessary to know to make a correct diagnosis?

It is necessary to determine aetiology, i.e. the causes of the disease. The doctor must know well the pathogenesis of any disease, i.e. the way and mechanism of its development, as well as the symptoms by which it can be revealed.

• What kind of procedures are used to establish a diagnosis?

A number of different procedures is used to establish a diagnosis: history-taking; physical examination, which includes visual examination, palpation, percussion, auscultation; laboratory studies, consisting of urinalysis, blood, sputum and other analyses; instrumental studies, for example, taking electrocardiograms or cystoscopy, X-ray examination and others.

• What is the difference between the objective and subjective symptoms?

Objective symptoms, for example, haemorrhage or vomiting, are determined by objective study, while others, such as headache or dizziness are subjective, since they are evident only to the patient.

• Why are laboratory analyses important?

Laboratory analyses are important because it helps to make a correct diagnosis. Blood analysis revealing leukocytosis immediately indicates the presence of inflammation in the body. Urinalyses help to reveal the presence of urinary tract infections such as cystitis, nephritis or pyelonephritis.

• What does X-ray help to reveal?

X-ray usually shows the borders and structure of the internal organs, fractures and fissures, accumulation of liquid in the lungs, etc.

• What are the kinds of chemist's shops?

There are different types of chemist’s: municipal, public, private.

• What does one buy at the chemist’s and prescription department?

At the chemist's department a person buys drugs ready to use, different things for medical care and medical herbs. Poisonous, drastic, narcotic and psychotropic drugs are sold by prescription only at the prescription department.

• Why are some drugs sold by a prescription only?

These drugs are potent and can be dangerous if taken in an overdose. Therefore, their use is strictly controlled.

4. Мікробіологія

• What is a cell?

The cell (from Latin cella, meaning "small room") is the basic structural, functional and biological unit of all known living organisms.

• What does the human cell consist of?

It consists of membrane, the cytoplasm and the nucleus, there are also can be rhibosoms, lozosoms, centriolis, mithochondrii and so on.

• What is the main function of the cell?

There are a wide variety of cells so their functions are not simple, some cells functions are the production of complex substances, such as a hormone or an enzyme, nerve cells generate and conduct electrical impulses, allowing communication between the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the rest of the body, muscle cells contract, allowing movement and so on.

• What organisms does microbiology study?

Microbiology is the scientific study of microscopic organisms, either unicellular (single cell), multicellular (cell colony), or acellular (lacking cells) including  protozoans, yeasts,  algae,  molds,  microscopic fungi, bacteria, and viruses. 

• What is microbiology concerned with?

Microbiology is concerned with the structure, function, and classification of organisms and with ways of controlling and using their activities.

• What sub-disciplines does microbiology encompass?

Microbiology encompasses numerous sub-disciplines including virology, mycology, parasitology, and bacteriology.

• What groups may all the existing microorganisms be divided into?

All the existing microorganisms can be divided into two main groups – aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic microorganisms must have atmospheric free oxygen for their life and growth. However one knows that free oxygen is not favourable for the development of anaerobic microorganisms.

• When do bacteria grow and multiple extremely rapidly?

Under optimal conditions, bacteria can grow and divide extremely rapidly, and bacterial population can double as quickly as every 9.8 minutes

• What science studies bacteria?

Microbiology is the scientific study of bacteria.

• What is Alexander Fleming famous for?

Sir Alexander Fleming was a Scottish bacteriologist and Nobel Prize winner, best known for his discovery of penicillin