6. Серцево-судинна та респіраторна системи

• Серце

Heart is a muscular pump in the centre of the chest located on the diaphragm between the lower borders of the lungs occupating the middle of the mediastinum. The heart consists of pericardium, myocardium and endocardium. The septum divides it into right and left halves. Each half consists of an atrium and a ventricle. The heart pumps the blood through the arteries to all parts of the body.

• Кров

Blood is a reddish bodily fluid that is pumped by the heart through the arteries and veins. Its composed of blood cells floating in the plasma. They are: white cells, red cells and platelets. Plasma is a fluid that is the blood's liquid medium. The two main ways to classify blood groups are the ABO (A, B, AB, O) system and the Rh (Rhesus positive +, Rhesus negative -) system. The function of the blood is to deliver necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the body cells and transport metabolism waste products away from the cells.

• Групи крові

Blood groups were opened in 1901 by Austrian scientist Karl Landsteiner. The two main ways to classify blood groups are the ABO (A, B, AB, O) system and the Rh (Rhesus positive +, Rhesus negative -) system. Together, they make up the eight main blood groups. The differences in human blood are due to the presence or absence of certain protein molecules called antigens and antibodies. The antigens are located on the surface of the red blood cells and the antibodies are located in the blood plasma The blood group you belong to depends on what you have inherited from your parents.

• Переливання крові

Blood transfusion is a process of transferring blood from one organism to another. For a blood transfusion to be successful, ABO and Rh blood groups must be compatible between the donor blood and the recipient. If they are not, the red blood cells from the donated blood will limp or agglutinate. The transfusion will work if a person who is going to receive blood has a blood group that does not have any antigens against the donor blood’s antigens. Transfusion can also spread diseases.

• Серцево-судинна система

The circulatory system consists of the heart and blood vessels and the blood. The heart is the muscular pump in the centre of the chest. The heart consists of pericardium, myocardium and endocardium. The septum divides it into right and left halves. Each half consists of an atrium and a ventricle. Blood is a reddish bodily fluid that is pumped by the heart through the arteries and veins. Its composed of blood cells floating in the plasma. They are: white cells, red cells and platelets. Plasma is a fluid that is the blood's liquid medium. The function of the circulatory system is to supply the organism with oxygen and to remove CO2 and waste substances from it.

• Респіраторна система

The respiratory system is one of the main systems in the body that provides oxygen to the body’s cells by removing carbon dioxide. There are 3 major parts of the respiratory system: the airway, the lungs, and the muscles of respiration. The airway includes the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles. The lungs are paired, spongy organs located in the chest. We breathe oxygen through the mouth or nose, than it travels through the larynx (voice box) and down the trachea (windpipe) into two bronchi.

Once oxygen enters the lungs, it's sent to the rest of the body's organs and tissues through a network of blood vessels. The 2 major respiratory gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide, are transported through the body in the blood, but most of the gases transported in the blood are bonded to transport molecules. Hemoglobin is an important transport molecule found in red blood cells that carries almost 99% of the oxygen in the blood.

• Легені

The lung is the organ of respiratory system. There are two lungs in the human body. They are located in the chest. The lungs are spongy and enclosed in pleura. The right lung has three lobes, the left lung has two ones, because the heart is located near it. The vital capacity of lungs is 3-4 litres. The function of it is gase exchange.