1. Вища медична освіта.

• Медичний університет

Students can get higher medical education in Ukraine at institutions called medical universities, which are separate from traditional universities. Ukrainian students do not need any preliminary higher education to enter a medical university. Medical universities admit their students on the basis of the results of the External Independent Testing. The course of studies lasts 6 years. For two years medical students learn so-called pre-clinical subjects After their third year students have a practical training, during which they work as nurses. After the fourth they work as doctors’ assistants. And after the 6^th year of studies they work as interns at a large hospital for two years. There are a lot of specialities, so a lot of faculties. F.ex. ONMU has six faculties (medical, stomatological, pediatric, pharmaceutical, international, faculty of advanced medical studies). Odessa National Medical University is one of the biggest higher medical universities, a member of European and International Association of Universities, the leader of reformation of medical education in the country. In 1920 the Medical Academy was organized in Odessa on the Basis of the Medical Faculty of Novorossiysky University. In the 1921 the Medical Academy was reformed into the Medical Institute. Status of the University was given to the Institute by the decree given the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine on August 29, 1994.

• Інтернатура

Internship is the last stage of medical education in Ukraine. It starts after the 6^th year of study t a medical universities. During this stage internus work at hospitals for 2 or 3 years depending on the field of their specialization. Internus work under supervision of experienced doctors. They warn how to examine patients, make diagnoses and administer treatment.

2.Система охорони здоров”я

• ВООЗ

World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the Unated Nations. WHO was established on the 7^th of april 1948. In 2013 WHO has 194 member states. WHO is concerned with international public health.One of the main services carried out by WHO is the service of epidemic warnings.

• Швидка медична допомога

Emergency medical service is a special medical service that provides out-of-hospital medical care and transportation of patients with illness and injures to hospitals. Calls are made to First Aid Station. All ambulances are well-equipped with the first aids kits that contain ampoles, boxes, vials with drugs, tubes with liniment, alcohol, hot water bottle and so on. There are also medecines: pain-killers, tonics, antibiotics, emetics, sedatives. The ambulance also carry artificial respiration apparatus, sets of splints, thermometrs, tonometrs and they are radio equipped. They consist of an ambulance doctor, medical assistant and non-registered nurse. To call in n ambulance its necessary to dial up 103.

3.Система медичних закладів

• Лікарня

The hospital is one of the medical institution where patients are given help due to their illness. When patients are admitted to the hospital first of all they are received by a nurse on duty at the reception ward. Those patients who are to be hospitalized have already received the direction from the polyclinic. The nurse on duty fills in patients' case histories in which she writes down their names, age, place of work, occupation, address and the initial diagnosis made by a doctor at the polyclinic. Then a doctor on duty examines the hospitalized patients and gives his instructions what department and wards the patients are to be admitted to. At about nine o'clock in the morning the doctors begin the daily rounds of the wards during which they examine all the patients. After the medical examination the doctors administer the patients different procedures. All the doctors always treat the patients with great attention and care and such a hearty attitude of the doctors to the patients helps much in their recovery.

• Аптека

Chemist’s shop is an institution of health service. It supplies the population with medicines and medical things. There are different types of chemists: municipal, publics, private. Each chemist’s shop has a chemist’s department and a prescription one. At the chemist’s department a person can buy drugs ready to use, different things for medical care and medical herbs. Poisonous, drastic, narcotic and pshytropic drugs are sold by prescription only at the prescription department. In GB all the drugs are legally divided into 3 groups: General Sale List, pharmacy medicines (without prescription but under control) and prescription only medicines.

• Фізичний огляд

Examination of the patient is a way to make a correct diagnosis and to determine its aetiology. Physical examination is the first objective stage in examination of a patient. It should be carried out in a large and warm consulting room with day light. The schema of it includes 3 stages: general examination, when the patient properly examined from head to toes; local, when the doctor examines the patient’s head, eyes, nose, etc to estimate the functional state and examination of the systems which include the study of the systems by palpation and percussion or auscultating

• Симптом

Symptom is a display of a disease. There are a lot of symptoms, which is very important to know for determining a disease f.ex. breathlessness, edema, cough, chill, vomiting, fever, haemorrhage, headache, rash, swelling and others. Most symptoms cannot indicate certain deseas due to a wide variety of diseases with the same aetiology. Some of these symptoms are objective, for example, haemorrhage or vomiting, because they are determined by objective study. While others, such as headache or dizziness are subjective, since they are evident only to the patient.