4. Цитологія та мікробіологія

• Клітина

The cell (from Latin cella, meaning "small room") is the basic structural, functional and biological unit of all known living organisms. The study of cells is called cell biology. Human cells have a membrane that holds the contents together. Within the cell membrane are two major compartments, the cytoplasm and the nucleus. There are also chromosomes, which are the cell's genetic material and nucleolus, which produces ribosomes; Golgi apparatus; the endoplasmic reticulum, which transports materials within the cell; mitochondria, which generates energy for the cell's activities; lysosomes, which contains enzymes that can break down particles entering the cell and centrioles, which participates in cell division. The body is composed of many different types of cells, each with its own structure and function. Some cells, especially glandular cells, have as their primary function the production of complex substances, such as a hormone or an enzyme, others have primary functions that are not related to the production of substances—for example, nerve cells generate and conduct electrical impulses and so on.

• Мікробіологія

Microbiology is the scientific study of microscopic organisms, either unicellular (single cell), multicellular (cell colony), or acellular (lacking cells). Microbiology encompasses numerous sub-disciplines including virology, mycology, parasitology, and bacteriology. Its foundations were established in the later 19th century, with the work of Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch. The branches of microbiology can be classified into pure and applied sciences Medical microbiology related to applied sciences is a branch of medicine concerned with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. A medical microbiologist studies the characteristics of pathogens, their modes of transmission, mechanisms of infection and growth.

• Мікроорганізми

A microorganism (from the Greek:  "small" and "organism") or microbe is a microscopic organism, which may be a single cell or multicellular organism. Most bacterial species are either spherical, called cocci (from Greek kokkos, grain, seed) or rod -shaped, called bacilli. The growing organism increases in size up to a certain limit and in due time divides. The process of division depends on the conditions of the environment If bacteria form a parasitic association with other organisms, they are classed as pathogens

Other bacteria are the essential part of the normal human flora and usually exist on the skin or mucous membrane without causing any disease at all. The study of bacteria is known as bacteriology, a branch of microbiology.

5. Анатомія людини.

• Будова тіла людини

The building of the human body is a what all of us consist of. The principal parts of it are the head, the trunk, and limbs (extremities). The head consists of 2 parts: the skull contains the brain the face including the forehead, the eyes, nose, the mouth, the cheeks, the ears and the chin. The upper part of the trunk is the chest. The head is connected with the trunk by the neck. The waist is the narrow middle part of the body above the hips. The surface of the body from the neck to the buttocks is called the back. The upper extremity is connected with the chest by the shoulder consists of the upper arm, the forearm, the elbow, the wrist and the hand. The lower extremity called the leg consists of the hip (thigh), the knee, the calf, the ankle and the foot. The framework of bones called the skeleton supports the soft parts and protects the organs from injury. The bones are covered with muscles. The body is covered with the skin.

• Голова

The head is the one of 3 principal parts of the human body. The head consists of 2 parts: the skull contains the brain and the face including the forehead, the eyes, nose, the mouth, the cheeks, the ears and the chin.

Each eye has the eyelids and the eyelashes, there are the eyebrows over our eyes. The eyes serve as the organ of sight. The nose is the organ of smell through which we breathe.The ear includes 3 principal parts: the external ear, the middle ear and the internal ear. The mouth has 2 lips: the upper and the lower lip. The tongue which is the organ of taste, teeth and hard and soft palates are located in the mouth. The head is connected with the trunk by the neck.

• Системи організму

System of the body is a group of organs that work together to perform a certain task. A group of systems composes an organism. There are nine main systems of the body: the skeletal, the muscular, the nervous, the circulatory, the digestive, the respiratory, the urinary, the endocrine and the reproductive systems.

The skeletal system consists of the bones of the body and ligaments and cartilages, which join them. The chief function of the skeletal system is structural. The muscular system consists of the skeletal muscles, the main function of this system is to move us about. The nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, nerves, ganglia and receptors. The circulatory system consists of the heart and blood vessels and the blood. The digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and a number of associated glands. The respiratory system consists of the lungs, the air passages leading to them and associated structures. Its main function is to convey oxygen to the lungs and to remove carbon dioxide.The urinary system consists of two kidneys, which produce urine and other wastes from the blood: the two ureters, which convey the urine away from the kidneys; the urinary bladder, where the urine is stored until it is discharged; and the urethra through which the urine is discharged. The endocrine system consists of a number of glands throughout the body which produce regulatory substances called hormones. And the reproductive system serves for reproduction of human life.

• Скелет

The skeleton is constructed of bones. It can be divided into three basic parts: skull, axial skeleton, and appendicular skeleton. The bones of the skull consist of cranial and facial parts. The axial skeleton is comprised of the bones that support the trunk The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the arms and legs, along with the bones that attach them to the axial skeleton. The bones of the skeleton are connected together by joints, cartilages, ligaments and tendons. The biggest bone in the body is the femur in the upper leg, and the smallest is the stapes bone in the middle ear. The human skeleton takes 20 years before it is fully developed

And in an adult, the skeleton comprises around 14% of the total body weight, and half of this weight is water.