7.Нервова система

• What is the main function of the nervous system?

Nervous system is the vast network of cells specialized to carry information (in the form of nerve impulses) to and from all parts of the body in order to bring about bodily activity.

• What is the central nervous system formed by?

The brain and spinal cord together form the central nervous system

• How are nerve cells called?

Nerve cells are called neurons

• What works in balance with sympathetic nervous system?

The system works in balance with the sympathetic nervous system, the actions of which it frequently opposes.

• What is the brain?

The brain (cerebrum) is the enlarged and highly developed mass of nervous tissue that forms the upper end of the central nervous system

• What parts does the brain comprise?

It consists of grey matter or nerve cells on the surface, and white matter or nerve fibers in the center.

• What are the parts of the brain?

• What processes does CNS control?

Central nervous system controls all movements of voluntary muscles – muscles of the head, limbs and trunk. The brain is the special seat of all the special senses – sight, hearing, smell, touch, and taste. The brain is the seat of all the higher mental powers – reasoning, will power, consciousness, memory, emotions, etc. The brain also controls the vital functions of the respiration and circulation, the controlling centers being located in the medulla.

• In what cases does a reflex occur?

In biology, a reflex is an involuntary and nearly instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus caused by a simple nervous circuit that involves a nerve impulse passing from a sensory nerve cell to a muscle or gland without reaching the level of consciousness. Scientific use of the term "reflex" refers to a behavior that is mediated via the reflex arc.

• What does the reflex arc consist of?

The reflex arc, as an anatomical pathway of a reflex, consisting of an afferent (sensory) and an efferent( secreto-motor) nerve.

• Who was the first to introduce the term”reflex’?

The word “reflex” (from Latin reflex, “reflection”) was introduced into Biology by a 19^th-centure English neurologist, Marshall Hall. By reflex, Hall meant the automatic response of a muscle or several muscles to a stimulus that excites an afferent nerve.

• What reflexes do you know?

There are a lot of reflexes, unconditioned (unlearned) reflexes, such as patellar, plantar, pupillary, rooting reflexes and many others, but the simplest ones include swallowing, salivation, sweating, blinking, scratching, sucking (in infants), and others.

• What is Pavlov famous for?

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (26 September 1849 – 27 February 1936) was a Russian physiologist known primarily for his work in classical conditioning. Pavlov investigated the gastric function of dogs, and later children. Pavlov extended the definitions of the four temperament types under study at the time: phlegmatic, choleric, sanguine, and melancholic.

8. Травна та ендокринна системи

• What is the alimentary tract?

The alimentary tract is a musculomembraneous canal about 8½ metres in length. It extends from the oral cavity to the anus

• What does the alimentary tract consist of?

It consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

• What are the functions of the alimentary tract?

• What is the stomach?

The stomach is a muscular, hollow, dilated portion of the alimentary canal

• What is the function of the large intestine?

Its function is to absorb water from the remaining indigestible food matter, and then to pass useless waste material from the body.

• What does the small intestine consists of?

The small intestine is composed of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum

• What is the function of the gallbladder?

The gallbladder is a hollow sac lying on the lower surface of the liver, where bile is stored, before it is released into the small intestine.

• When does the digestive process begin?

When you smell or see food, you start to salivate, thus beginning the digestive process.

• What processes occur during digestion?

During digestion two main processes occur at the same time: Mechanical Digestion and Chemical Digestion

• What nutrients come from food during absorption?

There are such nutrients as proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals.

• What is mastication?

It’s a process when saliva moistens the food while the teeth chew it up and make it easier to swallow.

• What is the role of saliva in mastication?

Saliva moistens the food while the teeth chew it up and make it easier to swallow.

• How does the process of swallowing occur?

Swallowing your food happens when the muscles in your tongue and mouth move the food into your pharynx.

• What nutrients does the food contain?

There are such nutrients as proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals.

• What does liver consist of?

The liver is a reddish brown organ consisting of four lobes of unequal size and shape

• What functions does liver have?

The liver has a wide range of functions, including detoxification, protein synthesis, and production of biochemicals necessary for digestion, vitamin storage, etc. But the liver's main function is filtering the blood which comes from the digestive tract, before passing it to the rest of the body.

• Why is liver prone to infections?

Because the liver performs so many vital functions, it is prone to disease.

• Why is liver considered to be vital for survival?

The liver supports almost every organ in the body and is necessary for survival

• What incredible capacity does liver have?

The liver has an incredible capacity for regeneration of dead or damaged tissues; it is capable of growing very quickly to restore its normal size and function

• What are the main functions of the food substances?

Substances which can serve as food for the body are those which it can use either as (i) fuel for combustion, (2) building material for the repair and growth of the tissues, and (3) regulators of body activity

• What is the role of hormones?

It is a chemical messenger that transports a signal from one cell to another. They affect many different processes in the body including growth and development, metabolism, sexual function, behavior, reproduction, mood

• What does the endocrine system serve for?

The endocrine system serves to regulate a large number of activities.

• What glands does the endocrine system include?

The endocrine system includes endocrine glands are the pituitary (hypophysis), pineal, thymus, thyroid, adrenal glands, and pancreas.

• Where are the hormones produced?

Endocrine glands, which are special groups of cells, make hormones

• What are the activities of the endocrine glands regulated by?

The activities of the endocrine glands are regulated by the pituitary gland, which is often called the “master gland” because it makes hormones that control other endocrine glands.

• What are the major endocrine glands?

The major endocrine glands are the pituitary (hypophysis), pineal, thymus, thyroid, adrenal glands, and pancreas.

• How may the disturbance of hormone quantity influence the organism?

Hormones are so powerful that it takes only a tiny amount to cause big changes in cells or even in the whole body

• How can the deficiency of any hormone be cured?

The deficiency of any hormone leads to a particular disease, which can be cured by administration of that hormone

9. Сечовидільна та репродуктивна системи

What is urinary system?

What does the urinary system consist of?

What are the function of the urinary system?

What form do the kidneys have?

What is the function of nephrons?

Where is the urine stored before it is discharged from the body?

What is the function of the urinary bladder?

What part of the urinary bladder takes part in the process of urination?

What is a reproductive system?

What hormones does hypothalamus produce?

When does fertilization occur?

What is zygote?

10. Здоровий спосіб життя

What vitamins can be synthesized in the body?

How are vitamins classified?

How many vitamins are universally recognized?

What functions do vitamins have?

What can high doses of certain vitamins cause?

Which minerals play a significant role in human beings?

What is zinc responsible for?

What does iron do in the body?

What is the ideal source of vitamins and minerals?

In which case do nutritional supplements work best?

What are basic materials for the body growth?

What substances are used as body builders?

What substances are used as fuel foods?

What substances are used as regulators of body activity

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