- •Питання до екзамену
- •The methods and ways of translating various proper names.
- •7.The types and kinds of internationalisms. Their lexical meaning and ways of translating.
- •10.The most common contextual meanings of definite and indefinite articles and means of expressing them into Ukrainian.
- •11. The ways of faithful expressing the meaning of the two-, three-and four-componental asyndetic noun clusters.
- •12. The ways of faithful expressing the meaning of the multi-componental (five-, six-, seven-componental) asyndetic noun clusters.
- •13.The main ways of rendering the lexico-grammatical meanings and functions of the English infinitive and the for-to-infinitive construction.
- •15.Give examples of the verbal and nominal functions of the active and passive gerund in English sentences and offer the ways of faithful rendering them into Ukrainian.
- •16.Give examples of different functions of gerundial complexes in the sentence and offer the ways of rendering them into Ukrainian.
- •17. The ways of rendering the meanings of English word-group with prepositive and postositive present and past participle into Ukrainian.
- •17. The ways of translating the objective and subjective with the present and past participle complexes into Ukrainian
- •18.Give examples of Ukrainian semantic equivalents rendering the meanings of the English nominative absolute participial constructions in the sentence.
- •20.The modal verbs ought to and should, have to and be to in English and their semantic equivalents in Ukrainian.
- •21.The modal verbs need and dare/daresay, their double nature and ways of expressing their meanings in Ukrainian.
- •22. Modal verbs shall, will and would in English and ways and means of expressing their functions and lexical meanings in Ukrainian
- •Ways of conveying the meanings of Subjective Modality
- •Ways of conveying the meanings of Optative Modality
22. Modal verbs shall, will and would in English and ways and means of expressing their functions and lexical meanings in Ukrainian
Apart from the afore-mentioned there are four more modal verbs in English, which practically lack direct lexical equivalents in Ukrainian. These modal verbs are: shall, will, would and partly should, the latter being only historically the past form of shall, which, like the modal verb will and would, may sometimes have implicit meanings but lacking explicit lexical equivalents in Ukrainian. This is partly explained by the complicated nature of shall, will, would and should, which mostly combine their modal meanings with that of the auxiliary one, pertained to some of these verbs.
A. Shall in its modal meaning is most of all used with the second and third persons plural and sometimes (though mostly in interrogative sentences) with the first person singular and plural. Depending on the intention of the speaker, the modal verb shall may express in combination with the notional infinitive the following main meanings:
1. Will or intention which can be conveyed in Ukrainian either with the help of the verb xomіmu or through the logical stress on the verb that implicitly expresses this meaning plus the corresponding intonation (prosodic means) of the sentence. Cf.:
«Shall I tell you how I felt as а mate of my high school students?» - «Розповісти вам, як я, дорослий, почувався учнем в одному з коледжів ?»
2. Promise or promised assurance, consent:
«You shall entertain as much as you please.» - «... Запевняю, ти будеш і далі розважатися, як твоя душа забажає.»
3. Warning, threat or resolute demand which is usually conveyed in Ukrainian through the imperative verb forms. Cf.:
«I shall want your account of how this happened.» - «Вимагаю звіту про те, як ви таке допустили.»
4. Compulsion, obligation, order or demand (both in simple and composite sentences), which is also often conveyed through the imperative mood forms of the Ukrainian verb:
«You shall not run away before you answer.» - «He втечеш, доки не відповіси. Тобі/ не втекти, доки не відповіси.»
В. Will as a modal verb together with the infinitive, with which it forms a word-group, may also express different meanings, the main of which are volition, insistence, determination, intention. The modal verb will is used with all persons in singular and plural, never losing its auxiliary function (to express the future tense). In a number of cases the modal meanings of will may coincide with those expressed by its past form would. As a result, their lexical equivalents in Ukrainian may be close or even identical as well.
The modal verb will may be endowed in different contextual environment with various meanings, the main of them being the following:
1. Volition, demand or assurance which is expressed in Ukrainian through the corresponding verb, stative or logical/emphatic stress:
«I will not have these repeated scenes within hearing of the servants.» - «Я не хочу/мені не треба, щоб
розігрувались ці сцени і щоб їх слухала/чула прислуга/челядь».
2. Will as well as assurance or promise:
Mrs. Warren: «And you'll be good to your poor old mother for it, won't you?» - Miccic Воррен: «І за це ти
будеш добре ставитися до своєї сердешної старої матері. Будеш?»
3. Determination, perseverance or promising threat which is often rendered through lexically explicit Ukrainian verbs, expressing also the future tense at the same time:
«I will examine them (асcounts and money) and settle with you presently.» - «Я зараз перевірю їх (гроші й рахунки) і порішу з вами.»
4. Willingness, consent (in conditional clauses after following the conjunction if):
«If you will tell me all about it in a chatty way, I can communicate it to Lady Roxdale. - «Якщо ти захочеш мені розповісти про це щиро, я перекажу тоді все Леді Роксдейл.»
5. Polite request which may be expressed as follows:
«Will you walk into my parlour?» - «Чи не зайдеш/зайди-но до моєї вітальні?»
6. Supposition which is usually expressed in Ukrainian with the help of modal words or by means of the subjunctive mood of the predicate verb:
«І expect he will have had his tea.» - «... навряд щоб він ще не снідав/не пив чаю»
7. Habitual volitional actions which are conveyed as follows:
After this accident he will lock himself and not show off. – Після того нещастя він став замикатися в собі і не показуватись.
8. Resistance to an action referring to the present or to the future, which is observed only in English. Consequently, it has no corresponding modal expression in Ukrainian. Cf.:
«Help him, please. The door will not unlock.» - «Допоможіть, будь ласка, йому. Двері ніяк не відмикаються.»
9. Condition which is equivalently expressed in Ukrainian through the subjunctive or conditional mood forms in subordinate clauses of real and unreal condition:
«If he wouldn't mind. I would love to come.» - «Якби він не був проти (не заперечував), то я б охоче прийшов.»
10. Determination or persistence, which is expressed with the help of set constructions like I (he, we) won't/would not. This modal meaning is rendered into Ukrainian by means of the verb дозволяти/не дозволяти,
допускати/не допускати as well:
«Ten or eleven», the Sheriff said, «I won't stand for it.» - «Десять чи одинадцять років, - сказав шериф, - я все одно не дозволю цього.»
11. Preference or choice and other meanings as in the set expressions I'd rather/I would/I'd sooner, which are usually rendered into Ukrainian with or without the help of the subjunctive mood forms plus such adverbs of manner as краще, радніше/ліпше:
«So we had better go to supper,» said Mary. - «Чи не краще б піти на вечерю,» - запропонувала Мері.
С. Will and would are used in many set/idiomatic expressions having both subjunctive and non-subjunctive meaning:
He would give a penny for the young fellow's thoughts. - Він багато дав би. щоб дізнатися, що цей молодик задумав.
12. To express favour, benevolence:
«He wants to know ... if you'll invite Daisy to your house some afternoon ...» - «Він хоче знати ... чи ви не
зволите запросити колись на обід до себе Дейзі...»
D. Should as a modal verb is very often used both in reference to present and to future (and to express the subjunctive meaning).
The most common direct meaning of the modal (non-subjunctive or future-in-the-past form) verb should in Ukrainian corresponds to the statives слід, треба, or to the modal word and phrase потрібно/є потреба. These equivalents (depending on the contextual environment) are also mostly employed in order to express the following meanings of the modal verb should:
1. Obligation/moral obligation, necessity.
"What do you think he should do?» - «I що, по-твоєму, йому слід/треба робити?»
2. Regret, grief, sorrow:
"I shouldn't have said that.» - «Мені не слід/не треба було цього казати.»
3. Advice/recommendation, admonition:
«You shouldn't have consulted me, Esme.» - «Тобі не треба/не слід було радитися зі мною, Есме.»
4. Supposition/suggestion, which can be expressed in Ukrainian with the help of modal words or particles, as in the following sentences:
«Perhaps I should introduce my friend Cocane to you.» - «Може б мені представити вам мого друга Кокейна?...»
5. Doubt, indignation and some other emotions expressed through the modal verb should may be also rendered with the help of some Ukrainian particles and the implicit meaning of the sentence:
«I don't know. How should I?» - «Я не знаю. Та й звідки мені знати/Та й звідки б я довідався ?»
6. Surprise, indignation or pleasure (with the indefinite or perfect infinitive following the modal verb should). These meanings of the modal verb should are mostly rendered in Ukrainian through the logical emphatic stress, intonation, particles or through some modal verbs:
«God forbid that I should ever say a good word for you!» - «Воронь Боже мені сказати/щоб я коли-небудь сказав хоч одне добре слово за тебе!»
7. The modal verb should may also express reproval or protest, disappointment, etc., which may be expressed in Ukrainian with the help of the modal words or statives треба, слід, потрібно or with the help of
some modal particles. Cf.:
«I don't know why sometimes І should be sneered at.» - «He збагну, чому це іноді з мене треба покепкувати/поглузувати.»