- •Питання до екзамену
- •The methods and ways of translating various proper names.
- •7.The types and kinds of internationalisms. Their lexical meaning and ways of translating.
- •10.The most common contextual meanings of definite and indefinite articles and means of expressing them into Ukrainian.
- •11. The ways of faithful expressing the meaning of the two-, three-and four-componental asyndetic noun clusters.
- •12. The ways of faithful expressing the meaning of the multi-componental (five-, six-, seven-componental) asyndetic noun clusters.
- •13.The main ways of rendering the lexico-grammatical meanings and functions of the English infinitive and the for-to-infinitive construction.
- •15.Give examples of the verbal and nominal functions of the active and passive gerund in English sentences and offer the ways of faithful rendering them into Ukrainian.
- •16.Give examples of different functions of gerundial complexes in the sentence and offer the ways of rendering them into Ukrainian.
- •17. The ways of rendering the meanings of English word-group with prepositive and postositive present and past participle into Ukrainian.
- •17. The ways of translating the objective and subjective with the present and past participle complexes into Ukrainian
- •18.Give examples of Ukrainian semantic equivalents rendering the meanings of the English nominative absolute participial constructions in the sentence.
- •20.The modal verbs ought to and should, have to and be to in English and their semantic equivalents in Ukrainian.
- •21.The modal verbs need and dare/daresay, their double nature and ways of expressing their meanings in Ukrainian.
- •22. Modal verbs shall, will and would in English and ways and means of expressing their functions and lexical meanings in Ukrainian
- •Ways of conveying the meanings of Subjective Modality
- •Ways of conveying the meanings of Optative Modality
Ways of conveying the meanings of Subjective Modality
The relation of content to reality expressed by subjective modality is viewed upon as hypothetical. The speaker considers the event or action mentioned as assumptive or suggestive (desirable, possible, impossible, doubtful, certain /uncertain, etc.), i.e., as likely or unlikely to take place. That is why this type of modality is often referred to as «subjective modality». It is expressed in English and Ukrainian with the help of common means: a) modal words, modal expressions or sentences; b) with the help of parenthetic words/expressions or parenthetic sentences; c) with the help of modal particles. The latter are a characteristic feature of the Ukrainian language where this feature acquires definitely semantic characteristics.
English modals, as they are often referred to, have usually direct semantic and even structural equivalents in Ukrainian. Among these notional language units, which mostly function as syntactically independent elements in English and Ukrainian sentences, there can be singled out at least two clearly distinguishable groups: a) modals correlating with hypothetic or indirect modality and b) modals expressing a clearly evaluative or subjective functions. The former include modal words/expressions or parenthetical elements in the sentence expressing supposition, assumption, presumability, etc. (cf. maybe, possibly, presumably, it is likely/most likely, it seems, etc.). These and other modals of the type present the attitude of the speaker to an event/action as hypothetical, as likely to take(or as having taken place, etc.). These modals have mostly direct equivalents in both languages:
"Maybe you got some friend that you can telephone for George?" - Може у тебе є який друг, через котрого я міг би дещо переказати для Джорджа?»
Semantically close to the above-cited are English modal words and expressions whose meaning is predetermined by the contextual environment. These modals have often a hypothetical meaning, which may correspond to that of some Ukrainian modal particles or parenthetical adverbs/phrases. They include: perhaps, evidently, scarcely, no/little possibility, etc. Their Ukrainian hypothetical modal equivalents in sentences may be: певно, напевно, напевно-таки, десь-то, навряд/навряд чи, справді/насправді.
Subjective modality may also be rendered in both languages via elliptical sentences:
Was it because he was afraid of being lost in a bigger city? Scarcely. – Може це було тому, що він
боявся загубитись у великому місті? Навряд.
Ways of conveying the meanings of Optative Modality
Optative (бажальна) modality in English and Ukrainian serves to express the wish of the speaker to establish the correspondence of content of the utterance to reality. The main ways and means of expressing this type of modality in English are syntactic. They include characteristic sentence structures, the use of auxiliary and modal verbs (to be, were, should, could, let, would, etc.), the ascending or descending utterance intonation. In Ukrainian apart from the modal verbs and intonation (prosodic means) some specifying modal particles are widely used. The most common of them are б/би, аби, щоб/щоби, коб/и/, бодай, десь, либонь, хай, хоч, хоч би, чи не, коли б, якби and others.