7.The types and kinds of internationalisms. Their lexical meaning and ways of translating.

A great many of international loans have long become an integral part of each language’s lexicon. Despite that, they preserve in each national language the unity of their componental parts, i.e., their structural peculiarity, an absolutely identical notional meaning and a common sphere of functioning: loudspeaker – Germ. Lautsprecher, Ital. altoparlante, Ukr. гучномовець, Russ. громкоговоритель, etc. A bulk of international loan words and expressions are used to designate various grammatical, lexicological, stylistic and other notions. Depending on their nature, as well as on their denotative meaning and their sphere of functioning, international loan units can be rendered into Ukrainian in one of the following three ways: a) by direct translation of the componental parts without changing considerably their structural form cf.: coefficient of efficiency – коефіцієнт корисної дії; literal/verbal translation – буквальний/дослівний переклад, etc. b) with the help of componental translation and some replacements, omissions or substitutions arising from the national peculiarities of the target language, i.e, depending on its stylistic mode of usage: foreign trade – зовнішня торгівля, living standards – життєвий рівень, etc. c) with the help of descriptive translation: digital computer – цифрова обчислювальна машина; common fraction (mathem.) – простий дріб.

8.Identification and ways of translating the units of nationally biased lexicon.

9.The classification and ways of rendering idiomatic expressions.

10.The most common contextual meanings of definite and indefinite articles and means of expressing them into Ukrainian.

The definite article when endowed with the lexical meaning in a sentence or passage can have various realizations in Ukrainian. It is expedient to begin with the most common of them which may refer not only to nouns but to other parts of speech as well, as for example:

1) as the demonstrative pronoun цей (ця, це, ці):

What his sister has seen in the Що його сестра знайшла у

man was beyond him. (J.London)¹ цьому чоловікові, він не міг

збагнути.

2) as the demonstrative pronouns такий (той, та, те, ті), той самий, (саме той, та сама), такий самий:

The fellow behind us in the crowd was talking again. (E.Caldwell)

Той самий хлопець із натовпу позад нас тепер озвався знову.

3) as the possessive pronoun //', їхні, свій (своя, своє, свої):

The room was situated over the laundry...

Його кімната була/ знаходилась над пральнею...

4)as the identifying pronoun весь, вся, все/цілий:

Не looked up, and it seemed that the room was lifting...

5) as the relative pronoun який (яка, яке, які):

She did not know the actual fire of love.

6) as the indefinite pronoun якийсь (якась, якесь), певний:

For the moment the great gulf that separated them then was bridged.

7)as the identifying attributive pronoun сам, сам собою, інший/

But the man did not seem to know of the content of the great mind.

8)as an adjective or adjectivized participle

He had worked the day before in the basement and the money had been kept all the time.

9) as a particle emphasizing the attributive pronoun, numeral or some other part of speech:

But the story was grand just the same, perfectly grand.

The man above us was talk­ing to several persons in the crowd. (E.Caldwell)

10) very often when the noun in the sentence has another attribute the clearly explicit lexical meaning of the definite article remains superflous:

He lay where he had fallen, and from there he watched the man in the red sweater.

REALIZATION OF CONTEXTUAL MEANINGS OF THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE

The most frequent and common of these meanings can be expressed, as has been mentioned already, in one of the following ways: 1) by the cardinal numeral один (одна, одне): He said something about а schooner that's gettin' ready to go

2) In some contexts, however, the indefinite article may acquire a lexical meaning which corresponds either to the Ukrainian cardinal numeral один, to the ordinal numeral перший or to the indefinite pronoun якийсь (якась, якесь). The indefinite article may also mark the rheme of the utterance as in the sentence: Only for an instant he hesitated, then his head went up and his hand came off. (J. London) In this sentence any of the above-given substitutes may be quite faithful, since the cardinal or ordinal numeral and the indefinite pronoun are equally fitting in the utterance, which in Ukrainian will have another position:

Він був у нерішучості (вагався) тільки якусь мить... Він був у нерішучості (вагався) тільки першу мить... Він був у нерішучості (вагався) тільки одну мить... Similarly in the following sentences: It was only for a moment. Це тривало тільки одну/

(J. London) якусь мить.

3) By the indefinite pronoun якийсь only, without the attendant meanings of the cardinal or ordinal numerals:

He saw her come down the Він бачив, як вона пройшла

aisle, with Arthur and a strange партером у супроводі Артура і

young man. (J.London) ще якогось незнайомого

молодика.

Sometimes, when with her, Часом, коли він бував з нею,

she noted an unusual bright- вона помічала якийсь

ness in his eyes, and she liked особливий блиск в його очах,

it. (Ibid.) що подобався їй.

4) when the lexically meaningful indefinite article precedes the noun under logical stress, it functions as the demonstrative pronoun, which is translated into Ukrainian as цей, ця, це:

This was his programme for а Це була його програма на

week. (J. London) цей тиждень.

Here was a man who could Ця людина здатна на все -

do anything, was the message ось що вона прочитала в його

she readthere. (Ibid.) погляді.

How can a man write so Як може ця людина (цей

badly?.. (E. Hemingway) чоловік) писати так погано?..

5) As one of the possessive "pronouns (according to their con­textual meaning):

When she returned with the grammar, she drew a chair near his. (Ibid.)

6) As the negative pronoun жоден or the negative perticle ані (when the determined noun is preceded by the negative particle not):

You were not following а Ви не чули жодного слова/

word. ані слова.

Не hadn't a penny. Він не мав жодного пенні

(S. Maugham) (ані пенні).

7) as the relative adjective цілий which is lexically equivalent in the sentences below to the Ukrainian identifying pronoun весь (вся, все):

8) More common in Ukrainian contextual substitutes for the lexically meaningful indefinite article are, however, different relative adjectives, the most often used being справжній:

9) The contextual meaning of the indefinite article may some times be expressed in Ukrainian through different adverbs:

He had the conviction that he У нього було таке переконання,

could sit in a draught if he що він міг сидіти навіть на про-

wanted to. (J. Galsworthy) тязі, якби того захотів...

There is a great difference. Це зовсім різні речі/зовсім

(O.Wilde) інша річ.

10) The broader context often predetermines the employment of lexically equivalent variants which could scarcely ever be offered for a narrow context. The kind of contextual substitutes can be seen in the examples below, where Ukrainian demonstrative and other pronouns, adjectives, numerals, etc., are contextually/semantically enforced by emphatic or modal particles. Thus, the contextual mean­ ing of the indefinite article below is expressed through an adjective enforced by an emphatic or some other particle or group of particles:

He was not to remain a sailor. Бо ж він не буде простим

(London) собі матросом..

Не seemed to think it a dis- Він вважав це чи не за

tinction. (Ibid.) особливу відзнаку.

11) The contextual meaning of the indefinite article may be ex­ pressed through the interrogative or indefinite pronoun also enforced by some emphatic particles:

What a lovely day! (La Mure) Який же гарний день!