- •Питання до екзамену
- •The methods and ways of translating various proper names.
- •7.The types and kinds of internationalisms. Their lexical meaning and ways of translating.
- •10.The most common contextual meanings of definite and indefinite articles and means of expressing them into Ukrainian.
- •11. The ways of faithful expressing the meaning of the two-, three-and four-componental asyndetic noun clusters.
- •12. The ways of faithful expressing the meaning of the multi-componental (five-, six-, seven-componental) asyndetic noun clusters.
- •13.The main ways of rendering the lexico-grammatical meanings and functions of the English infinitive and the for-to-infinitive construction.
- •15.Give examples of the verbal and nominal functions of the active and passive gerund in English sentences and offer the ways of faithful rendering them into Ukrainian.
- •16.Give examples of different functions of gerundial complexes in the sentence and offer the ways of rendering them into Ukrainian.
- •17. The ways of rendering the meanings of English word-group with prepositive and postositive present and past participle into Ukrainian.
- •17. The ways of translating the objective and subjective with the present and past participle complexes into Ukrainian
- •18.Give examples of Ukrainian semantic equivalents rendering the meanings of the English nominative absolute participial constructions in the sentence.
- •20.The modal verbs ought to and should, have to and be to in English and their semantic equivalents in Ukrainian.
- •21.The modal verbs need and dare/daresay, their double nature and ways of expressing their meanings in Ukrainian.
- •22. Modal verbs shall, will and would in English and ways and means of expressing their functions and lexical meanings in Ukrainian
- •Ways of conveying the meanings of Subjective Modality
- •Ways of conveying the meanings of Optative Modality
20.The modal verbs ought to and should, have to and be to in English and their semantic equivalents in Ukrainian.
the modal verb ought to expresses moral obligation, presupposition, desirability, advisability and some other meanings. Its meaning in Ukrainian is mostly very close to that of the stative треба or modal verb слід, the modal word потрібно: 136 Кузенко Г.М. He ought never to have given it (the flute) up. – Йому нізащо не треба було кидати гру (на флейті). b) the content of the sentence may often display a still stronger meaning of the modal verb ought to, which corresponds to that of the modal verbs повинен, мати, мусити: You ought to know that you can’t have to steal. – Ти повинен/мусиш знати, що красти не можна. c) the modal verb ought to may acquire some other meanings in different contextual environments: 1) that of the assumptive duty or obligation, necessity, assumption, which is expressed in Ukrainian through the particles б/би, щоб, and the corresponding infinitive of the verbal predicate or subordinate clause: By this time it ought to have been over. – На цей час/під цю пору все мало б давно вже скінчитися. 2) the conditional subjunctive meaning expressed through the particles б/би and the notional finite verb without the subordinate conjunctions якби or якщо б: You ought to have seen her tie he had on… – Бачили б ви його в її краватці/Треба було бачити його... 3) when ought to expresses desire or affirmation, assumption, its modal meaning is rendered into Ukrainian through the modal adverbs and modal words певне, напевне, мабуть: She’s said to be very beautiful by people who ought to know. – Люди, які напевне/мабуть-таки знаються на вроді, кажуть, що вона дуже вродлива. 4) the meaning of the modal verb ought to may sometimes be rendered into Ukrainian through peculiar word forms (mood forms) of the verbal predicate: If you’re a poor driver, you oughtn’t to try driving at night. – Якщо ти поганий водій, то не їздь (не треба їздити/уникай їзди) вночі.
21.The modal verbs need and dare/daresay, their double nature and ways of expressing their meanings in Ukrainian.
The verb dare may function in English both as a modal verb and as a regular verb with all its paradigmatic forms. The lexical meaning of the verb, however, remains unchanged and corresponds to the Ukrainian verbs сміти, наважуватися/відважуватися, насмілюватися. a) the verb dare is mostly translated into Ukrainian as сміти, насмі- люватися: She daren’t come here when I was alone. – Вона не сміла/не насмілювалася заходити сюди, коли я був сам. b) when in its non-modal formal meaning, the verb dare is translated with the help of the same Ukrainian verbs: He longed to read his stories to Ruth but he did not dare. – Йому дуже кортіло прочитати свої оповідання Рут, але він не наважувався/не насмілювався. c) in colloquial English the verb dare is often used either in a phrase form or as a composite word with the verb say – dare say/daresay: “Most people would say so.” – “I daresay they would.” – “Більшість так сказали б.” – “Вважаю/гадаю, що сказали б.” The meaning of dare say/daresay may be conveyed as вважаю, допускаю, цілком імовірно, смію сказати, не без того, щоб; наважуся сказати/ стверджувати, etc. Besides, the verb dare is often used to express indignation as in the following sentences: How dare you talk to me like this! – Як ти смієш так розмовляти зі мною! Let him come back, if he dare! – Хай тільки свого носа наважиться показати тут!