- •Питання до екзамену
- •The methods and ways of translating various proper names.
- •7.The types and kinds of internationalisms. Their lexical meaning and ways of translating.
- •10.The most common contextual meanings of definite and indefinite articles and means of expressing them into Ukrainian.
- •11. The ways of faithful expressing the meaning of the two-, three-and four-componental asyndetic noun clusters.
- •12. The ways of faithful expressing the meaning of the multi-componental (five-, six-, seven-componental) asyndetic noun clusters.
- •13.The main ways of rendering the lexico-grammatical meanings and functions of the English infinitive and the for-to-infinitive construction.
- •15.Give examples of the verbal and nominal functions of the active and passive gerund in English sentences and offer the ways of faithful rendering them into Ukrainian.
- •16.Give examples of different functions of gerundial complexes in the sentence and offer the ways of rendering them into Ukrainian.
- •17. The ways of rendering the meanings of English word-group with prepositive and postositive present and past participle into Ukrainian.
- •17. The ways of translating the objective and subjective with the present and past participle complexes into Ukrainian
- •18.Give examples of Ukrainian semantic equivalents rendering the meanings of the English nominative absolute participial constructions in the sentence.
- •20.The modal verbs ought to and should, have to and be to in English and their semantic equivalents in Ukrainian.
- •21.The modal verbs need and dare/daresay, their double nature and ways of expressing their meanings in Ukrainian.
- •22. Modal verbs shall, will and would in English and ways and means of expressing their functions and lexical meanings in Ukrainian
- •Ways of conveying the meanings of Subjective Modality
- •Ways of conveying the meanings of Optative Modality
17. The ways of rendering the meanings of English word-group with prepositive and postositive present and past participle into Ukrainian.
The choice of the method and means for translating English participial constructions into Ukrainian is predetermined by the general implicit and dependent explicit meanings of the participle itself. These meanings reflect the lexico-grammatical nature of the participle as a verbal. Namely: 1) its voice, tense, and aspect distinctions; 2) its lexical and grammatical meanings; 3) its functions in English and Ukrainian word-groups and sentences.
A peculiar feature of Ukrainian is the restricted use of both the preposed and postposed (to nouns) attributive present participles. As a result it is not always possible to translate English VingN or NV pattern word-groups with the help of these same structural types от word-groups in Ukrainian. Especially when the participles originate from the verbs of motion, due to which the word-groups are translatedinto Ukrainian mostly with the help of attributive subordinate clauses. For example:
The house was alive with ... Будинок наповнювали го-
running voices. (Mansfield) лоси..., шолунали повсюди.
This present participle may also be translated with the help of the semantically equivalent adjective лункийor even with the help of the verb лунали: Будинок сповнювався звідусіль лункими голосами/ У будинку повсюди лунали голоси.
This same way of translation is employed when conveying the meaning of English word-groups with postpositive attributive present participles whose equivalents in Ukrainian are attributive subordinate clauses.
In the night, going slowly along Уночі, відходячи запрудже-
the crowded roads we passed ними дорогами, ми бачили troops marching under the rain, військові частини, шо крокува- guns. horses, pulling wagons, ли під дошем. гармати, коні, mules, motor trucks, all moving що тягли вози, мули, ванта- from the front. (Hemingway) жівки, які всі відступали з
фронту.
The postpositive present participles in the sentence above are all translated with the help of attributive subordinate clauses: troops marching under the rain - військові частини, що/які крокували під дощем, horses, pulling wagons - коні, щотягли вози; motor trucks, all moving from the front - вантажівки, що всі відступали з фронту.
The last word-group, naturally, can also be translated with the help of the finite verb: motor trucks, all moving from the front – всі/вони/ відступали з фронту.
The VingNP pattern of the Ukrainian word-group in the above-given sentence, though grammatically/structurally acceptable, can have some other faithful variants, which are more typical for Ukrainian. These are two:
the subordinate clause: Почулось, як загупотіли, наближаючись, кроки полісменів;
aconstructionwithadiyepryslivnyk: Почулось, як загупотіли, наближаючись, кроки полісменів.
English attributive past participles, on the other hand, are mostly translated into Ukrainian with the help of their morphological, lexical, and functional equivalents, e.g., past participles. This makes no problems in the choice of Ukrainian faithful equivalents for English attributive word-groups of this type. For example:
«... manydisappointed hearts « ... не одна розчарована
still wonder why Coleman never душа й досі дивується, чому married. (W.Maken) Колеман не одружився.
The English past participle used as part of a compound verbal/ nominal predicate may often be translated with the help of perfective and non-perfective verbs. The latter, depending on the meaning of participles, may be personal or non-personal:
What is done can not be urt Що зроблено, те зробле-
done. (Proverb) ho.(Що з воза впало, те про-
пало.) Some present participles with the implicit predicative meaning
and function may be rendered into Ukrainian either with the help of a corresponding diyepryslivnyk or with the help of a finite verb (simple verbal predicate):
Then he cut chemistry from Потім він викреслив із
the list, retaining only physics, списку хімію, залишивши (Ibid.) тільки фізику.
Instead of the diyepryslivnyk, like in the example above, the finite form of the verb may also be used in Ukrainian here: Потім він викреслив із списку хімію і залишив тільки фізику.