5. Ви готуєтеся до семінару з маркетингу. Основна тема «Ціноутворення». Ваш план виступу?

I am preparing for the seminar on marketing. The main topic of the seminar "The pricing". According to the plan of my presentation I want to note that such pricing, describe the process of pricing and its basic methods.

Pricing is the process of determining what a company will receive in exchange for its products. Pricing factors are manufacturing cost, market place, competition, market condition, and quality of product.

Pricing is the manual or automatic process of applying prices to purchase and sales orders, based on factors such as: a fixed amount, quantity break, combination of multiple orders or lines, and many others.

The process of determine pricing include general sequence of steps. There are:

1. Develop marketing strategy - perform marketing analysis, segmentation, targeting, and positioning.

2. Make marketing mix decisions - define the product, distribution, and promotional tactics.

3. Estimate the demand curve - understand how quantify demanded varies with price.

4. Calculate cost - include fixed and variable costs associated with the product

5. Set pricing objectives - for example, profit maximization, revenue maximization, or price stabilization (status quo),

6. Determine pricing - using information collected in the above steps, select a pricing method, develop the pricing structure, and define discounts.

These steps are interrelated and are not necessarily performed in the above order. To set the specific price level that achieves their pricing objectives, managers may make use of several pricing methods. These methods include:

- Cost-plus pricing - set the price at the production cost plus a certain profit margin.

- Target return pricing - set the price to achieve a target return-on-investment

- Value-based pricing - base the price on the effective value to the customer relative to alternative products.

6. Ви на засіданні круглого столу. Тема вашої доповіді «види грошей. Їхня роль в економіці держави»

I would like to make a presentation on the topic: Types of money and their role in the national economy. I think that this report is relevant today, because money can help people do many things that they were not able to do without it.

Money is a very important factor in the economy and economics. Goods are produced to be sold. They are sold to meet the needs of consumers or customers. Services are rendered to make life easier. People earn money to be able to pay for both goods and services. Banks cannot operate without money. That is why people say that Money makes the world go round.

Money is any object or record that is accepted as payment for goods and services and repayment of debts in a given country. Coins and banknotes – the two most common physical forms of money.

Some of the major types of money are:

- Commodity money (gold, silver, copper, alcohol, cigarettes) - barter

- Representative money (paper check from a banking)

- Fiat money (paper money)

- Commercial bank money

1) Commodity money is money whose value comes from a commodity of which it is made (is money that can be exchanged on demand for a specific commodity). Commodity money consists of objects that have value. For examples commodity money include gold, silver, copper, peppercorns, large stones, alcohol, cigarettes, candy etc.

2) Representative money is something that is not in the physical form of currency, but represents the intent to pay money. A paper check from a banking institution is an example of representative money.

3) The paper money is generally called as the fiat money. This type of money forms a monetary standard. Fiat money is the stuff in your wallet.

4) Commercial Bank money or demand deposits. A demand deposit account is an account from which funds can be withdrawn at any time by cheque or cash withdrawal without giving the bank or financial institution any prior notice. Banks have the legal obligation to return funds in demand deposits immediately upon demand (or 'at call'). Demand deposit withdrawals can be performed in person, via cheques or bank drafts, using automatic teller machines (ATMs), or through online banking.

Можливо буде додатковим питанням:

Money has three basic function. It serves as a medium of exchange as a measure of relative value and as a store of value.

As a medium of exchange money enable two individuals to exchange without having to barter.

As a measure of relative value money allows two dissimilar items to be purchased on a similar bases. It is in terms of money that we think value.

As a store of value money makes it possible for us to hold on to the value over time.