17. Ви учасник форуму економіста. Поясніть яку роль відіграє фондова біржа в економіці країни.

My task is to tell you about the stock exchange.

At the beginning I want to say that a stock exchange is a market for secondary securities. A stock exchange is a form of exchange which provides services for stock brokers.

Only shares of public limited companies with sound financial standing can be listed and admitted to trading in the stock exchange. Younger and smaller companies which cannot obtain a listing also issue shares; these are traded in the unlisted securities market.

Stock exchanges have multiple roles in the economy. This may include the following:

1. The Stock Exchange provide companies with the facility to raise capital for expansion through selling shares to the investing public.

2. To facilitating company growth.

3. Mobilizing savings for investment

4. Profit sharing;

5. Corporate governance

The price of shares differs from day to day and they are reported daily in newspapers in the form of indexes. These indexes show the market value of selected companies and represent the changing supply and demand for shares.

It should be noted that the most famous stock exchanges are located in London, New York, Tokyo, Paris and Frankfurt. The price of shares and other assets plays an important part in the economic activity of a country. It can influence or reflect the social mood of a country. A stock market is often taken as a primary indicator of a country's economic well-being as it enables the efficient allocation of capital. Stock prices reflect where capital is being invested, or should be. If share prices are rising, this is usually coupled with increased business investment, and vice versa. Share prices also have an influence on the wealth of households, and thus on how much they spend.

Therefore economic growth is enhanced because lower costs and enterprise risks help to promote the production of goods and services, and employment.

18. Ви працюєте обліковцем. Вам запропоновано провести аудит на підприємстві. Ваші функції?

First of all I want to tell you in general about the audit. Auditing is an accounting function that involves the review and evaluation of financial records and financial positions of a company. Audits are performed by highly qualified accountant (auditors) ordered by the management of the company or by some state authorities (audit and control). not so many years ago audit suggested that a company had financial difficulties or some irregularities in the records. At present, audits are a normal and regular part of business practice.

It should be noted that there are two types of auditing : internal and independent. Internal audit is a system of internal control which provides accounting controls against errors and misappropriations. many companies employ their own accountants to maintain an internal audit. they continuously review operating procedures and financial records and report to management on the current state of the company's fiscal affairs. they check the accounting records in regard to completeness and accuracy , making sure that irregularities are corrected.

External or independent audit - an independent audit relatively controlled company that is under contract with the client. The purpose of this audit is to check the legality of business operations, reliability of financial reporting, balance sheet, and determining how responsible accounting standards and procedures.

I like independent auditor who is not a member of the organization explore their statements.

To my functions include review the business's operating activities; examine financial statements , the accounting records and other business papers to determine the accuracy and completeness of the records. It is called fairness in the accounting terminology, that is, if the accounting process has been done according to accounting principles, procedures and rules at that organization.

I like the auditor to express an opinion on the financial situation of the company.

The judgment or opinion on the fairness of the records is written in a document sent to the client upon completion of the audit. It consists of a letter addressed to the client that involves a scope paragraph (the auditor's conclusions).

I can help the business set up a reliable accounting system; I can also discover whether nonexistent transactions have been entered on the books. Even in a small business mistakes in the books of accounts can lead to a business failure.