9. Які цінні папери існують? Наведіть приклади студенту бдфеу

Any student of economic university should know what is security and what are the types of securities.

A security or financial instrument is a tradable asset of any kind. Securities are broadly categorized into:

1) debt securities (such as bonds, debentures, savings certificates, bills (promissory note),

2) equity securities, e.g., common stocks (share); and,

3) derivative contracts, such as forwards, futures and options.

1) Bonds - a kind of debt securities, which is the obligation of the issuer (the company that issued bonds) to return to the creditor (owner of the securities), the nominal value of its bonds as soon as the end in a timely manner. Also, the obligation of the issuer is a periodic payment to the creditor interest.

A debenture is a medium to long-term debt format that is used by large companies to borrow money.

Savings certificates - a written certificate issued by the lending institution, the deposit of funds. Their investor is entitled to receive the deposit and interest thereon, but only when the term of the certificate of ownership comes to an end. Certificates may be bearer or registered shares.

Promissory note - a written promissory note completed by a strict form prescribed by the exchange. It gives the owner (note holder) an exclusive right upon the expiration of the obligation to demand from the drawer (the debtor) the payment of a sum of money specified in the bill.

2) A share is a single unit of ownership in a corporation, or any other organization. Additional benefits from common stock include earning dividends and capital appreciation.

3) Forward Contract is a cash market transaction in which delivery of the commodity is deferred until after the contract has been made. Although the delivery is made in the future, the price is determined on the initial trade date.

A futures contract is a contract between two parties to buy or sell a specified asset for a price agreed upon today with delivery and payment occurring at a specified future date, the delivery date.

An option is a contract which gives the owner the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an underlying asset or instrument at a specified strike price on or before a specified date.

10. Проконсультуйте представника іноземної фірми щодо особливостей торгівлі оптом і вроздріб у вашому регіоні

I would like to start my reported with what is wholesale and what is retail trade. So, wholesaling is a part of marketing system. It provides channels of distribution which help to bring goods to the market. Generally, indirect channels are used to market manufactured consumer goods. It could be from the manufacturer to the wholesaler, from the retailer to the consumer or through more complicated channels. A direct channel moves goods from the manufacturer or producer to the customer.

Wholesaling middlemen is an agent who negotiate purchases or sales between producer and customer. These agents don’t earn salaries. They receive commissions. This is a percentage of the value of the goods that they sell.

Retailing is selling goods and services to the ultimate consumer. Thus, the retailer is the most expensive link in the chain of distribution.

The retailer performs many necessary functions. First, he may provide a convenient location. Second, he often guarantees and services the merchandise he sells. Third, the retailer helps to promote the product through displays and advertising.

I think that the representative of the foreign company will be interested to know that Chernivtsi region has a favorable geographical position as bordering on Romania and Moldova and is close to the Central European countries. Also in the region successfully developing enterprise "Калинівський ринок," the average daily number of visitors which is 50 thousand people, and in the days before holidays - more than 100 thousand people.

The city has seven supermarkets and 3 hypermarkets, among them such as Караван, Сільпо, Епіцентр, METRO Cash & Carry and large shopping centers - «DEPOt», «Боянівка», Сітіпарк, Майдан, Велмарт. That is why in Chernivtsi successfully developing wholesale and retail trade in particular. Despite the crisis in the economy of Ukraine within the Chernivtsi region observed rapid development of retail and a gradual increase in retail space.

Therefore, one of the features of trade in the Chernivtsi region is its favorable geographical location.