4. Decide which statements are true and which ones are false.

1. Graders move on revolving crawler tracks, which resemble the treads of a tank.

2. Bulldozers have heavy steel blades mounted in front.

3. Tractors are used to excavate and haul earth in dry, fairly flat areas.

4. Some types of scrapers are pulled by a tractor, but others are self-powered.

5. Construction crews often use bulldozers to dig trenches for pipelines and sewers.

6. Face or forward shovels dig away from the scraper.

7. Front-end loaders have a scoop bucket in front to dig and load material into trucks or wagons.

5. Complete the sentences.

1. The chief kinds of building machines include …

2. Construction workers use machines called tractors…

3. Graders are used to …

4. Some types of scrapers are pulled by …

5. Construction crews often use backhoes to …

6. Face or forward shovels are often used in….

6. Answer the questions on the text.

1. What are the chief kinds of building machines?

2. What kinds of machines do construction workers use to push or pull trailors, wagons and other equipment?

3. What is earth-moving machinery used to?

4. What tractors are called bulldozers?

5. What machines are called graders?

6. Do construction crews use graders or scrapers to excavate and haul earth in dry, fairly flat areas?

7. What kinds of machines are used in excavation work?

8. Construction crews often use tractors to dig trenches for pipelines and sewers, don’t they?

9. What tractors have a scoop bucket in front to dig and load materials into trucks and wagons?

7. Transform as in the models.

Model 1:to construct – construction V → N

to direct –

to excavate –

to rotate –

to create –

to move –

to prepare –

to compact –

to demolish –

Model 2 : to work – worker V → N

to excavate –

to trail –

to operate –

to scrape –

to drive –

to mix –

to roll –

to convey –

8. Arrange the words according to the parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, adverbs).

Construction, equipment, building, structure, usually, worker, trailer, slightly, horizontal, operator, vertical, position, grader, scraper, fairly, excavation, movable, sewer, excavator, loader.

10. Choose the right word or word-combination.

1. Construction machines can do more work in … than a hundred workers using hand tools could do in a day.

a) 2 hours b) an hour c) 3 hours

2. Construction workers use machines called … to push or pull trailers, wagons, and other equipment.

a) graders b) scrapers c) tractors

3. Tractors that have heavy steel blades mounted … are called bulldozers.

a) in front b) back c) inside

4. Graders are used … and shape the surface of the ground.

a) to compact b) to clear c) to grade

5. Shovels stand on a movable platform and has a large scoop … with a tooth-shaped bottom edge.

a) boom b) bucket c) blade