Инфинитив и инфинитивные обороты

ФОРМЫ ИНФИНИТИВА И ИХ ЗНАЧЕНИЕ

В английском языке имеется четыре формы инфинитива, которые соответствуют четырём группам времён: Infinitive Indefinite, Infinitive Continuous, Infinitive Perfect, Infinitive Perfect Continuous. Инфинитивы Indefinite и Perfect имеют, кроме того, форму страдательного залога.

Active Passive

Indefinite to read to be read

Continuous to be reading -------------

Perfect to have read to have been read

Perfect Continuous to have been reading ------------

В научной литературе наиболее употребительны формы Infinitive и Perfect действительного и страдательного залога.

Перевод каждой формы инфинитива в отдельности затруднителен, а иногда и просто невозможен, так как полное соответствие в русском языке имеют только формы to read – читать и to be read – быть прочитанным (читаемым). Однако и эти формы не всегда можно передать инфинитивом. Точные видо-временные значения сложных форм инфинитива полностью выявляются лишь в контексте.

Частица to, почти постоянно предшествующая инфинитиву, может служить удобным признаком для нахождения его в предложении, особенно в тех случаях, когда инфинитив по форме совпадает с существительным или прилагательным, например: experiment – to experiment (эксперимент – экспериментировать); fashion – to fashion (вид, форма – придавать форму).

В ряде случаев инфинитив употребляется без частицы to:

1. после модальных и вспомогательных глаголов must, can (could), may (might), shall (should), will (would), need. dare;

2. в обороте «объектный падеж с инфинитивом» после глаголов восприятия: I heard him speak. - Я слышал, как он говорит;

3. после сочетания had better - лучше бы, would rather (sooner) - предпочёл бы: You had better begin now. - Начните лучше сейчас;

4. после глаголов to let – разрешать, позволять, давать и to make – заставлять: Let me pass, please. - Позвольте мне пройти, пожалуйста; It made him laugh. - Это заставило его рассмеяться.

Упражнение №2

Переведите, определив функции инфинитива в предложении:

1. These conditions are sufficiently homogeneous to be grouped together.

2. Sanscrit, the earliest of the Indo-European tongues to make its appearance in written form, definitely displays the pitch-accent pattern.

3. There is a distinction to be made between these classes of words.

4. He was the first English painter to portray his native country side so sincerely.

5. The second book, to be published shortly, will deal with the history of the national-liberation movement.

6. To begin with, dialectal varieties are as numerous in Tuscany as anywhere else in the peninsula.

7. But the exception are too numerous here for any rule to be stated.

8. A name, to be a complete word, must, as the logicians put it, possess both denotation and connotation.

9. This ornament is to be found later in the group of Shibe in the Altai.

10. More curious is the mixture of “literary” and “colloquial” styles, of “high” and “low”, to use the eighteenth century terms.

11. The vital problem is to examine the premises on which he based his conclusions.

12. It remains, however, for much of this material to be published in an easily accessible form.

13. To his sovereign or lord a man was bound to be faithful, to his parents dutiful, and to his elder brother respectful.

14. The population was divided into a number of different classes: serfs were to be found, and slavery existed.

15. To prepare civil officials, schools were established in the capital and provinces.

16. The people of this period are supposed to have lived in huts of skins, leaving no traces behind them.

17. In olden days the swordsmen used to travel all over Japan in order to perfect themselves in this art.

18. The essential fault of this work is to be found in the very plan.

19. The occasions when a Japanese samurai was bound to commit suicide were innumerable.

20. As a rule, the poet is believed to be governed by language more than he governs it.