Vocabulary list to text b

anemia n	[əˈniː.mi.ə]	анемия
arteriole n	ɑːˈtɪə.ri.əʊl]	мелкая артери
artery  n	[ˈɑː.tər.i]	артерия
capillary n	[kəˈpɪl.ər.i]	капилляр

	carbon dioxide n	[ˈkɑː.bən daɪˈɒk.saɪd]		углекислый га
chamber n			[ˈtʃeɪmbə(r)]		камера
clot v			[klɒt]		свертываться
constitute v			[ˈkɒn.stɪ.tjuːt]		составлять
dissolve v			[dɪˈzɒlv]		растворить

germ n	[dʒɜːm]	микроб
heart (attack) n	[hɑːt]	сердечный приступ
liquid n	[ˈlɪkwɪd]	жидкость

lymphocyte n	[ˈlim.fə.saɪt]	лимфоцит
monocyte n	[ˈmɒnə.sait]	моноцит
polycythemia n	[polisaiˈthimiə]	полицитемия
stroke n	[strəʊk]	инсульт
thrombocythemia n	[thrɑmbōˌsai-ˈthimiə]	тромбоцитемия
thrombocytopenia n	[thrɑmbəˌsaitə-ˈpiniə]	тромбоцитопения
venule n	[ˈvēnyül]	маленькая вена
volume n	[ˈvɒljuːm]	объем

BLOOD

Blood is a specialized type of connective tissue.  It is found inside the blood vessels (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins) and also within the chambers of the heart. Some of the blood cells are also found in other types of body tissues, for example, lymphocytes are found in the lymphatic system. The main components of blood include: plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Blood plasma is a pale colored liquid, which constitutes 55% of blood fluid, is mostly water (92% of its volume), and contains dissolved glucose, hormones, carbon dioxide and blood cells themselves.  Erythrocytes.The red blood cells (also called erythrocytes) make up about 40% of the blood's volume. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, a protein that gives blood its red color and enables it to carry oxygen from the lungs and deliver it to all body tissues. Oxygen is used by cells to produce energy that the body needs, leaving carbon dioxide as a waste product. Red blood cells carry carbon dioxide away from the tissues and back to the lungs. When the number of red blood cells is too low (anemia), blood carries less oxygen, and fatigue and weakness develop. When the number of red blood cells is too high (polycythemia), blood can become too thick, which may cause the blood to clot more easily and increase the risk of heart attacks and strokes.Leucocytes. White blood cells (also called leukocytes) are fewer in number than red blood cells. White blood cells are responsible primarily for defending the body against infection. There are five main types of white blood cells: neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils. All of them have different functions within the immune system: protect the body against infections, produce antibodies, etc. Thrombocytes. Blood platelets (more formally called “thrombocytes”) are very small disc-shaped cell-like particles that are smaller than red or white blood cells. They have an important role in blood clotting and so they gather at locations of injury.  When the number of platelets is too low (thrombocytopenia), bruising and abnormal bleeding become more likely. When the number of platelets is too high (thrombocythemia), blood may clot excessively, causing a stroke or heart attack.  Functions of blood. 1. Transportation. Blood is the primary means of transport in the body. It is responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, enzymes and hormones to and from the cells that make up our body and removing wastes. 2. Protection. Blood performs the important task of protecting the body from infections. The white blood cells found in blood are responsible for producing antibodies and proteins, which are capable of fighting off and killing the germs and viruses that can cause serious damage to the body cells. 3. Regulation. Blood is also a regulator of many factors in the body. It regulates the temperature of the body, body pH and water balance.

Exercise 7. Complete the table on Blood.

Blood components	Function

Exercise 8. Complete the following sentences. Choose the ending according to the text. 1. Blood is found in … . 2. The main components of blood include: … . 3. Blood plasma is a pale colored liquid, which constitutes 55% of blood fluid, is mostly water (92% of its volume), and contains … .  4. Red blood cells carry … . 5. White blood cells are responsible primarily for … . 6. There are five main types of white blood cells: … . 7. Thrombocytes have an important role in … .

Exercise 9. a) Make up collocations using the words from both columns.

blood	system
body	vessels
heart	balance
water	attack
immune	products
waste	tissues

b) Fill in the gaps with the words from the table above.

1. Blood is found inside the … (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins). 2. When the number of red blood cells is too high, blood can become too thick, which may cause the blood to clot more easily and increase the risk of … and strokes. 3. Blood is responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, enzymes and hormones to and from the cells that make up our body and removing … . 4. Different types of leucocytes have different functions within the … : protect the body against infections, produce antibodies, etc. 5. Blood regulates the temperature of the body, body pH and … . 6. Some of the blood cells are also found in other types of … , for example, lymphocytes are found in the lymphatic system.

Exercise 10. Translate the derivatives. 1. Produce, production, product, producer. 2. Include, inclusion, includible, including. 3. Defend, defence, defensive, defender. 4. Cause, causative, causeless, causing.

Exercise 11. Give the English equivalents of the Russian words in brackets. 1. Blood carries oxygen from the lungs and delivers it to all (ткани тела). 2. White blood cells are responsible primarily for (защита тела от инфекций). 3. Red blood cells (составлять) about 40% of the blood's volume. 4. Thrombocytes have an important role in (свертывание крови) and so they gather at locations of injury. 5. Blood plasma is a pale colored liquid, which constitutes 55% of blood fluid, is mostly water (92% of its volume), and contains (глюкоза, гормоны, углекислый газ) and blood cells themselves. 6. When the number of red blood cells is too low (anemia), blood carries less oxygen, and (развивается усталость и слабость).

Exercise 12. The answers to the following questions are the summary of the text. Answer these questions and give the summary of the text.

1. What type of connective tissue is blood? 2. What are the main components of blood? 3. What is blood plasma? What does it consist of? 4. What does blood plasma contain? 5. What is the main function of erythrocytes? 6. What happens if the number of red blood cells is too low? 7. What can happen if the number of red blood cells is too high? 8. What are leucocytes responsible for? 9. What is the role of thrombocytes? 10. What are the main functions of blood?