Vocabulary list to text b

arch v	[ ɑːtʃ]	выгибать(ся)
backbone n	[ˈbækbəʊn]	позвоночный столб, костяк
bone n	[ˈbəʊn]	кость
cervical adj	[ səˈvaikəl] [ ˈsɜːvɪkəl ]	шейный
clavicle n	[ˈklævɪkl̩]	ключица
flexible adj	[ˈfleksɪbl̩]	подвижный
framework n	[ˈfreɪmwɜːk]	каркас, костяк
free-floating adj	[friːˈfləʊ.tɪŋ]	подвижный (свободно плавающий)
limb n	[ˈlɪm]	конечность
lumbar adj	[ˈlʌmbə]	поясничный
ossicle n	[ˈɒsɪkəl]	косточка (уха)
sacral adj	[ˈseɪkrəl]	крестцовый
sternum n	[ˈstɜːnəm ]	грудина
squeeze v	[ skwiːz ]	протискивать(ся)
tightly adv	[ˈtaɪtli]	плотно
thoracic adj	[θəˌræsɪk]	грудной
tubercle n	[ˈtjuːbəkəl ]	бугорок
trunk n	[trʌŋk]	туловище
vertebral column	[ˈvɜː.ti.brəl ˈkɒləm ]	позвоночный столб
visceral adj	[ˈvɪsərəl]	висцеральный (относящийся к внутренним органам)

 

Text b the cat’s skeleton

The cat’s skeleton has an average of 250 bones. It is composed of three skeletal subunits: Appendicular skeleton - the bones of the limbs. Axial skeleton - the bones of the skull, spine, ribs and sternum. Visceral skeleton – the bones that form part of an organ (such as the middle ear ossicles).

The appendicular skeleton of a cat refers to all of the bones that are joined to something larger and allow forward or backward movement. They are foreleg (anterior limb) bones and hind leg (posterior limb) bones.

The axial skeleton in a cat consists of the bones in the head and trunk. In the axial skeleton, the skull connects to the vertebral column. Cats have 7 cervical vertebrae, 13 thoracic vertebrae, 7 lumbar vertebrae, 3 sacral vertebrae and a handful of caudal vertebrae that make up a long cat tail.

Cats have thirteen pairs of ribs. The first 9 of these are attached to the sternum by costal cartilage. The next three pairs are variably attached to each other and the sternum and the thirteenth pair are floating ribs. The major parts of a rib are the head, neck and tubercle. Collectively, the spine, ribs, and sternum form the thorax (rib cage) that houses the heart and lungs.

The cat's skeletal design is very similar to ours, although there are two significant differences. First, a cat's spine or backbone contains more bones than ours, mainly because of the tail. Their vertebrae are not as tightly connected as ours, making the cat's spine extremely flexible. This feature enables the cat to arch his back and to twist around completely while falling and land with all four feet on the ground. Second, the clavicle (or collarbone) of a cat is free-floating, allowing cats to squeeze into small spaces.

  Fig.1

 

Exercise 8. a) Find the equivalents to the words in section A from section B

A	B
clavicle extremity sternum humerus pectoral vertebra column skeleton posterior	framework shoulder chest collar-bone breast-bone hind spine limb

b) Replace the underlined words with their synonyms. 1. The clavicle of a cat is free-floating, allowing cats to squeeze into small spaces. 2. The first 9 pairs of ribs are attached ventrally to the sternum by costal cartilage. 3. The axial skeleton in a cat consists of the bones in the head and trunk. 4. A cat's spine contains more bones than ours, mainly because of the tail. 5. The anterior limbs include the humerus and radius.

Exercise 9. Give the English equivalents of the Russian words in brackets. 1. The skeleton is composed of three skeletal (подгруппы). 2. (Висцеральный скелет) – bone that forms part of an organ (such as the middle ear (косточки)). 3. (Добавочный скелет) of a cat refers to all of the bones that are joined to something larger. 4. The first 9 (пар ребер) are attached to the (грудина) by (реберный хрящ). 5. This feature (позволяет) the cat to arch his back. 6. The bones in the feline back have (более подвижные) joints. 7. The bones allow forward or backward (движения). 8. The major parts of a rib are the head, neck and (бугорок) 9. The primary function of the skeleton is to provide a system of (рычаги) used in (передвижение).

Exercise 10. Make up collocations using words from both columns.

A	B
free-floating frame spinal costal blood breast clavicle sturdy	cell bone tissue cartilage vertebra column

Exercise 11. Complete the following sentences. Choose the ending according to the text. 1. Axial skeleton consists of the bones of the skull, … . 2. The primary functions of the skeleton are … . 3. The skull connects to the … . 4. Collectively, the spine, ribs, and sternum form the thorax (rib cage) that houses … . 5. A cat's spine or backbone contains more … . 6. The cat’s vertebrae are not as tightly connected as ours, making the cat's spine … . 7. Cats can twist around completely while falling and land with … . 8. The major parts of a rib are … .9. Cat's spine is extremely flexible. This feature enables the cat … .

Exercise 12. The answers to the following questions are the summary of the text. Answer these questions and give the summary of the text. 1. What is the skeleton? 2. What does the skeleton consist of? 3. How many bones does the cat’s skeleton have? 4. How many skeletal subunits is the skeleton composed of? 5. What does the appendicular skeleton of a cat include? 6. What does the axial skeleton of a cat consist of? 7. What does the visceral skeleton of a cat include? 8. How many pairs of ribs do cats have? 9. What are floating ribs? 10. What significant differences are there in the cat's skeletal design in comparison with other vertebrates? Exercise 13. Make up questions in response to the following phrases. Let your colleagues answer them. 1. The cat’s skeleton is composed of three skeletal subunits. (How many…?) 2. The axial skeleton in a cat consists of the bones in the head and trunk. (What bones …?) 3. The appendicular skeleton of a cat refers to all of the bones that allow forward or backward movement. (What… ?) 4. Cats have seven cervical vertebrae. (How many…?) 5. The first 9 pairs of ribs are attached to the sternum by costal cartilage. (How… ?) 6. The spine, ribs, and sternum form the thorax (rib cage). (What…?) 7. The rib cage houses the heart and lungs. (What…?) 8. There are two significant differences in the cat’s skeleton design in comparison with other vertebrates. (How many …?)

Exercise 14. Translate the following words and phrases into English. Плавающая ключица (плечо); свободные (фальшивые) ребра; вращательное движение тела; реберный хрящ; необычайная гибкость; бугорок ребра; значительное отличие; добавочный скелет; задние конечности; хвостовые позвонки; осевой скелет; передние конечности; грудная клетка; изгибать спину; косточки, расположенные в среднем ухе, участвующие в работе органа; присоединяться вариабельно.

Exercise 15. Fill in the gaps with an appropriate word given below.

The Skull

The skull is the collection of flat and irregularly shaped …, which protects the… and forms the skeleton of the face. These bones support the organs of mastication, keep open the nasal and pharyngeal …, hold the eye in its socket, give protection to the very delicate … of hearing, and give the head of an animal its characteristic … . The skull consists of thirty-one bones, all, except for the lower … , fused together. This single bony mass contains several cavities, the most important of which is the cranial …, containing the brain. A major part of the skull, which holds the upper…, is called the maxilla, and the lower teeth are held by the mandible. The small bones that provide structure to the nose are called nasal bones.

(brain, outline, organs, passages, nasal, jaw, cavity, bones, teeth)

Exercise 16. Describe the parts of the skeleton using Fig.1 and the following expressions: The skull includes … The spinal column contains… There are … bones in … … … … form the posterior limb. The ribs attach …

Exercise 17. Find the information about the skeleton of different vertebrates. Prepare a short talk.

UNIT 3 THE MUSCLES VOCABULARY LIST TO TEXT A

bind v	[ baɪnd]	связать
bowel n	[ baʊəl ]	кишечник
bundle n	[ ˈbʌndl̩]	пучок
continence n	[ ˈkɒntɪnəns]	регуляция мочеиспускания
contraction n	[ kənˈtrækʃən]	сокращение
extend v	[ ɪkˈstend]	разгибать
fascia( -ae) n	[ˈfeɪʃɪə] [ ]	фасция
flex v	[ˈfleks]	сгибать
net n	[ net]	сеть
propel v	[ prəˈpel]	продвигать
posture n	[ ˈpɒs.tʃər ]	осанка
striated adj	[ straɪˈeɪtɪd]	поперечно-полосатые
striation n	[ straɪˈeɪʃn]	бороздчатость
voluntary adj	[ˈvɒləntəri]	произвольный