Unit 7 respiratory system

Vocabulary list to text a

alveolus (alveoli) n	[ ˌælviˈəʊləs ] - laɪ]	альвеола (альвеолы)
breathe v	[ briːð ]	дышать
breathing n	[ ˈbriːðɪŋ ]	дыхание
bronchi n	[ ˈbrɒŋ.kaɪ ]	бронхи
bronchiole n	[ ˈbrɒŋ.ki.əʊl ]	бронхиола
bronchus n	[ ˈbrɒŋ.kəs ]	бронх
carbon dioxide n	[ ˈkɑː.bən daɪˈɒk.saɪd ]	углекислый газ
cilia n pl	[ ˈsɪlɪə ]	реснички
deoxygenated (blood)	[di ˈɒk.sɪ.dʒə.neɪtid ]	бедная кислородом (кровь)
duct v	[ dʌkt ]	направлять (через трубу)
epiglottis n	[ ˌep.ɪˈɡlɒt.ɪs ]	надгортанник
esophagus n	[ ɪˈsɒf.ə.ɡəs ]	пищевод
exchange v	[ ɪksˈtʃeɪndʒ ]	обменивать
exhale v	[ eksˈheɪl ]	выдыхать
exhalation n	[ ekshəˈleɪʃn ]	выдох
inhale v	[ ɪnˈheɪl ]	вдыхать
inhalation n	[ ɪnhəˈleɪʃn ]	вдох
intake v	[ ˈɪn.teɪk ]	поступление, поглощение
larynx n	[ ˈlær.ɪŋks ]	гортань
minute adj	[maiˈnüt]	очень мелкий
mucus n	[ ˈmjuː.kəs ]	слизь
oxygen n	[ ˈɒk.sɪ.dʒən ]	кислород
pass v	[ pɑːs ]	проходить
pharynx n	[ ˈfær.ɪŋks ]	глотка, зев
release v	[ rɪˈliːs ]	высвобождать, выпускать
respiration n	[ ˌres.pɪˈreɪ.ʃən ]	дыхание
respiratory adj	[ rɪˈspɪr.ə.tər. ɪ ]	дыхательный
supply v	[ səˈplaɪ ]	снабжать
trachea n	[ trəˈkiː.ə ]	трахея
voice-box n	[ˈvɔɪs bɒks]	голосовой аппарат
wind-pipe n	[ ˈwind paɪp]	дыхательное горло (трахея)

Text a respiratory system

Read the text to find out about a) the organs of the respiratory system b) their functions.

The respiratory system consists of specific organs used for the process of respiration in an organism. The respiratory system is involved in gas exchange: in the intake and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and the environment. Respiration occurs in all living beings (humans, animals, plants). The proper function of this system is, perhaps, the most important. Interruption of breathing for only a few minutes can cause death.

After entering the nose the air passes through the nasal cavity where it is filtered by the nasal hairs, warmed and humidified. The air then flows through the pharynx or throat, a passage that carries both food and air, to the larynx where the voice-box is located. Here the passages for food and air separate. Food must pass into the esophagus and the air into the windpipe or trachea. To prevent food from entering trachea, a small flap of tissue called the epiglottis closes the opening during swallowing.

The trachea is the tube that ducts the air down the throat. Incomplete rings of cartilage in its walls help keep it open even when the neck is bent and head turned. The trachea divides at its bottom end into two smaller tubes, bronchi, one is going to each lung. The bronchi then divide into smaller and smaller bronchioles that spread throughout the lungs to carry air to the alveoli (minute air sacks). Thin walls of alveoli enable air exchange with the equally thin-walled capillaries of the circulatory system. The air in the alveoli is rich in oxygen while the blood in the capillaries around the alveoli is deoxygenated. This is because the hemoglobin in the red blood cells has released all the oxygen it has been carrying to the cells of the body. Oxygen diffuses from high concentration in the alveoli to low concentration in the capillaries. It therefore crosses the narrow barrier between the alveoli and the capillaries to enter the blood and combine with the hemoglobin in the red blood cells. It is hemoglobin that transports blood around the body.

The tissue lining the respiratory passages produces mucus. It is also covered with minute hairs or cilia. Any dust that is breathed into the respiratory system immediately gets trapped in the mucous and the cilia move it towards the mouth or nose where it can be coughed up.

Exercise 1. Find the English equivalents to the words with Latin origin.

trachea cilia pharynx larynx

voice-box hair oral cavity windpipe

Exercise 2. a) Make up collocations using the words from both columns.

nasal	sacks
voice	capillaries
air	beings
thin-walled	box
living	cavity
respiratory	passages

b) Fill in the gaps with the words from the table above. 1. After entering the nose the air passes through the … where it is filtered by the nasal hairs, warmed and humidified.

2. Thin walls of alveoli enable air exchange with the equally … of the circulatory system. 3. The air flows through the pharynx or throat, a passage that carries both food and air, to the larynx where the … is located. 4. The tissue lining the … produces mucus. 5. The bronchi then divide into smaller and smaller bronchioles that spread throughout the lungs to carry air to the alveoli (minute …). 6. Respiration occurs in all … (humans, animals, plants).

Exercise 3. Speak about the respiratory system using the diagram. Questions can help you to make up a story.

NOSE	How does the air enter the body of a mammal?

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NASAL CAVITY

What happens to the air when it passes through the nasal cavity? Where does the air flow from the nasal cavity?

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PHARYNX

What can pharynx carry (air, food or both)?

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LARYNX

What is located in the larynx? Where do the passages for food and air separate?

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TRACHEA

What prevents food from entering trachea? How does trachea divide at its bottom?

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BRONCHI

How many bronchi are there in the body? What are bronchioles?

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ALVEOLI

What are alveoli?

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LUNG CAPILLARIES

Where does oxygen combine with the red blood cells?

Exercise 4. Translate the derivatives. Make up your own sentences with some of these words. 1. To involve, involvement, involving, involved. 2. To interrupt, interruption, interrupting, interrupted. 3. To occur, occurrence, occurring, occurred. 4. Humid, humidity, to humidify, humidifier. 5. Oxygen, to oxygenate, oxygenated, deoxygenated.

Exercise 5. Give the English equivalents of the Russian words in brackets. 1. The trachea (делиться) at its bottom end into two smaller tubes, bronchi, one is going to each lung. 2. Respiration (происходить) in all living beings (humans, animals, plants). 3. After entering the nose, the air passes through the (носовая полость), where it is filtered by the nasal hairs, warmed and humidified. 4. Any dust that (вдыхается) into the respiratory system immediately gets trapped in the mucous, and the cilia move it towards the mouth or nose where it can be (откашлять). 5. To prevent food from entering (трахея), a small flap of tissue called the epiglottis closes the opening (во время глотания).

Exercise 6. Translate from Russian into English. 1. Дыхательная система животного вовлечена в газообмен между организмом и окружающей средой. 2. Кислород распространяется (diffuse) из области высокой концентрации (в альвеолах) в область низкой концентрации (в капиллярах). 3. Ткань, выстилающая дыхательные проходы, покрыта мельчайшими волосками. 4. Бронхи делятся на более мелкие бронхиолы, которые распространяются по всем легким.

Exercise 7. Test yourself by answering the following questions to see how much you remember and understand. 1. What do we mean by the phrase “gas exchange”? 2. Where does gas exchange take place? 3. What is the process by which oxygen moves from the alveoli into the blood? 4. Why does this process occur? 5. How does the structure of the alveoli make gas exchange efficient? 6. How is oxygen transported around the body? 7. List the structures that air passes on its way from the nose to the alveoli. 8. What is the function of the mucus and cilia lining the respiratory passages? 9. What is the function of the epiglottis?