Урок №7. Дыхательная система. Respiratory system

Vocabulary:

respiratory passages – дыхательные пути lungs – легкие respiratory muscles – дыхательные мышцы exchange of gases – газообмен to gain oxygen – получить кислород to get rid of carbon dioxide – избавиться от углекислого газа upper respiratory tract – верхние дыхательные пути lower respiratory tract – нижние дыхательные пути Nose – нос To humidify – увлажнять To warm – согревать To filter – очищать Pharynx (throat) – глотка a passage – путь Larynx – гортань vocal cords – голосовые связки voice box – голосовая коробка to breathe – дышать

to swallow – глотать Trachea (windpipe) – трахея (дыхательное горло) To Enter – попадать gaseous exchange – газообмен air-ways – дыхательные пути Bronchus – бронх Bronchiole - бронхиола Alveolus- альвеола sacs – мешочки elastic fiber – эластичное волокно excretion of carbon dioxide – выделение углекислого газа metabolic break down – нарушение обмена веществ carbohydrate – углевод to eliminate – удалять из организма to loose from the lungs – вывести (очистить) из легких Oxygenation o- насыщение кислородом Oxygen – кислород Alveolar sac – альвеолярный мешочек

Respiratory system is the system of respiratory passages, lungs and respiratory muscles of human body. Respiratory system is responsible for exchange of gases between the human body and the surroundings. In the process of exchange of gases, human body gains oxygen and gets rid of carbon dioxide. Other gases of the atmosphere have no significant role in human respiratory system. Respiratory system is extremely important for human body because the process of respiration cannot be stropped even for a few seconds. If the process of respiration stops even for a minute or two, the condition will become serious and will ultimately end in death.

The respiratory system is divided into two parts: the upper respiratory tract and the lower respiratory tract. The following are the organs of the upper respiratory tract: ► Nose - It is the entrance of the respiratory tract and helps in allowing air to flow in and out. It humidifies, warms, and filters the air that comes in. ► Pharynx (throat) - It is located at the back of the mouth, and connects the mouth to the esophagus. It is a passage for air and food. ► Larynx - It is present at the top of trachea and contains vocal cords. It is also known as the voice box. It helps in controlling breathing and swallowing. ► Trachea (windpipe) - It is a tube like structure that helps in passing air from larynx to bronchi. It also warms the air and prevents foreign bodies from entering lungs.

The following are the organs of the Lower Respiratory Tract:

Lungs are the organs of human body where gaseous exchange take place. Human beings have two lungs known as the right and left lungs. Lungs are soft, spongy and very elastic.

Respiratory Passages or air-ways are the conducting portions of human respiratory system. Here no exchange of gases take place, but they guide the air to go to the lungs and not anywhere else in the body. Conducting portion of the human respiratory system consists of: Traches, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveolar sacs and Alveoli.

► Bronchi - These are the airways of the lungs diverging from the trachea. They carry air in and out of the lungs. ► Bronchioles - These are branches of the bronchi that conduct air into the lungs. They perform the same function as the bronchi. ► Alveoli - These are sacs in the lungs and contain elastic fibers. The exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen occurs here. Functions of Respiratory System:

1. Main function of respiratory system is gaseous exchange. Through respiratory system new air is always brought into the body and used air is expelled out.

2. Respiratory system is the major system for excretion of carbon dioxide from the body. Carbon dioxide is produced as a result of metabolic break down of carbohydrates in body and must be eliminated quickly. Carbon dioxide is brought to the lungs by blood and is lost from the lungs through gaseous exchange with fresh air in lungs.

3. Oxygenation of blood.

Exercises:

1. Learn the diagram of the respiratory system.

2. Match the names with the definitions.

a. is a tubelike structure that helps in passing air from larynx to bronchi.

b. is the entrance of the respiratory tract and helps in allowing air to flow in and out.

c. is located at the back of the mouth, and connects the mouth to the esophagus.

d. are the two inverted-cone shaped organs present in the chest of human beings.

e. are branches of the bronchi that conduct air into the lungs.

f. are sacs in the lungs and contain elastic fibers.

g. is present at the top of trachea and contains vocal cords.

h. are the airways of the lungs diverging from the trachea.

1. Bronchi	3. Larynx	5. Bronchioles	7. Trachea
2. Alveoli	4. Pharynx	6. Nose	8. Lungs

3. Identify the parts of the human respiratory system.

VIDEO TASKS:

1. List the two main functions of the respiratory system. 2. Differentiate between ventilation and gas exchange. 3. Name the organs of the respiratory tract. 4. Differentiate between the upper and lower respiratory tracts. 5. Describe the process of gas exchange. 6. Discuss how inspiration and expiration occur. 7. Describe how oxygen and carbon dioxide levels initiate respiration.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM SCHEME

УРОК №8. ПИЩЕВАРИТЕЛЬНАЯ СИСТЕМА. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Vocabulary:

Tube - канал alimentary canal – пищеварительный тракт oral cavity – полость рта anus – анальное отверстие digestion – переваривание пищи absorption – рассасывание, поглощение to aid – помогать to producing chemical substance – вырабатывать химические вещества “necessary organs” – необходимые органы “accessory organs” – вспомогательные органы Esophagus – пищевод Stomach – желудок small intestine – малый кишечник large intestine – большой кишечник the upper gastrointestinal tract – верхний отдел ЖКТ the lower gastrointestinal tract – нижний отдел ЖКТ mouth – рот ingested food – поглощенная пища to mix – смешивать gastric juice – желудочный сок to break down food – расщеплять пищу to assimilate – усваивать, поглощать simplified – расщеплен

to absorb nutrients – поглощать, всасывать питательные элементы duodenum – 12- перстная кишка jejunum – тонкая кишка the ileum – подвздошная кишка indigestible food – неусваиваемая пища to eject – выбрасывать, избавляться liver – печень gall bladder – желчный пузырь pancreas – поджелудочная железа salivary glands – слюнные железы teeth – зубы tongue – язык auxiliary organs. – вспомогательные органы bile – желчь protein synthesis – синтез белка to secrete - выделять enzymes – ферменты fats – жиры carbohydrates – углеводы protein – протеины to make insulin – вырабатывать инсулин metabolizing – расщеплять saliva – слюна chewing – процесс жевания swallowing process – процесс глотания deglutition – проглатывание

Digestive system is the food processing system of human body. The whole digestive system is in the form of a long, hollow, twisted and turned tube, called the alimentary canal, which starts from the oral cavity and ends at the anus. The overall process of digestion and absorption of food occurs in this tube.

Human digestive system consists of the two categories. The first category consists of those organs that are directly involved in the process of digestion and absorption. The second category consists of those organs that aid the process of digestion and absorption of food by producing chemical substances or by some other way. They are not directly involved in the process of digestion and absorption.

The first category of organs may be called as “necessary organs” and the second category as “accessory organs”. But without the aid of accessory organs, the process of digestion is seriously impaired. When the accessory organs fail (не в состоянии) to perform their functions completely, the process of digestion may also completely stop.

Necessary Organs Of the digestive system are oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus.

The Necessary Organs Of the human digestive system can be classified into two basic sections: the upper gastrointestinal tract and the lower gastrointestinal tract.

The process of digestion starts in the upper gastrointestinal tract which comprises the mouth, esophagus and the stomach.

Mouth is the first organ that begins the digestion process and it breaks down the food.

The esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach. It is around 10 inches long and about 1-inch wide. It passes the food from the mouth to the stomach.

The stomach is the organ that receives the ingested food from the esophagus and mixes it with gastric juices to further break it down.

The lower gastrointestinal tract comprises the small intestine, large intestine and the anus. During digestion the lower gastrointestinal tract helps the body to assimilate all the nutrients that have been simplified by the upper gastrointestinal tract.

The small intestine is the longest section of the digestive tract. However, it is called the small intestine because it has a smaller diameter than the large intestine. The main purpose of the small intestine is to absorb nutrients from the food during digestion. It is made up of three parts - the duodenum, jejunum and the ileum.

The large intestine is a highly specialized organ of the digestive system. Its main function is to absorb the remaining water from the indigestible food matter and pass unwanted waste matter from the body.

The anal canal is the last part of the digestive tract. It is located between the rectum and the anus. The main function of the anus is to eject waste matter from the body.

Accessory Organs of the digestive system are liver and gall bladder, pancreas, salivary glands, teeth, tongue.

The human body has some very important organs in the digestive system which can be classified as the auxiliary organs.

The gallbladder stores bile that has been produced by the liver.

The liver is one of the most important organs of the human body. The liver basically performs the task of producing digestive juices, biochemicals and also helps in protein synthesis.

The pancreas secretes enzymes into the duodenum which breaks down the fats, carbohydrates and protein. Another important function of the pancreas is to make insulin that is the chief hormone for metabolizing sugar.

The mouth contains three basic organs - the salivary glands, tongue and the teeth.

Salivary glands: When the mouth receives food, salivary glands secrete saliva, which produces an enzyme that breaks down food. The saliva also contains some properties which kills some of the bacteria.

Tongue helps in the chewing and swallowing process which is also known as deglutition. The tongue guides the food and keeps it between the upper and lower teeth.

Teeth start chewing and breaking food into smaller pieces. Though, the teeth do not play an active role in the chemical simplification of the food, chewing makes it easier for other organs to break down food and absorb nutrients.

Exercises:

1. Give the name of the following definitions.

a. controls the expulsion of feces.

b. absorbs water from indigestible food.

c. are used for chewing food.

d. passes the food from pharynx to stomach.

e. contains tongue, teeth and salivary glands.

f. secretes pancreatic juice containing different digestive enzymes into the small intestine.

g. produces bile for emulsification of fats.

h. muscular, hollow and dilated part of alimentary canal.

i. majority of digestion and absorption takes place here.

2. Identify the parts of the digestive system.

Video tasks:

1. Name the three types of nutrients found in food. 2. Differentiate between nutrients and electrolytes. 3. List three organs that assist with digestion. 4. Outline the digestive process. 5. Describe peristalsis and its role in the digestive process. 6. Discuss the role of the blood vessels in digestion.

УРОК №9. МОЧЕВАЯ СИСТЕМА. URINARY SYSTEM

Vocabulary:

excretory system – выделительная система storage – накопление elimination - выделение urine – моча liquid – жидкость to excrete – выделять to extract – удалять, выделять excess – чрезмерный blood corpuscle - форменный элемент крови nitrogenous wastes – азотсодержащие отходы to maintain homeostasis – поддерживать гомеостаз (оптимальное состояние организма) kidneys – почки ureter – мочеточник a urinary bladder – мочевой пузырь a urethra – уретра (мочеиспускательный канал) sphincter muscles – сфинктер (круговая мышца, сжимающая полый орган). To maintain the acid base balance – поддерживать кислотно-щелочной баланс water salt balance – водно-солевой баланс bean shaped organs – органы, имеющие форму боба filtration system – очищающая система blood pressure - кровяное/ артериальное давление to conserve – сохранять to secrete erythropoietin - выделять эритропоэпин (белок, усиливающий эритропоэз) to manufacture – производить

to filter – очищать to separate – отсеивать, отделять bilirubin – билирубин (желто-красный пигмент желчи) ammonia – аммиак creatinine – креатинин (присутствует в моче) indigenous – природный, врожденный, свойственный pharmaceutical drugs – фармацевтические препараты lead – свинец mercury – ртуть micturition, urination – мочеиспускание longitudinal muscles – продольные мышцы to expel – выделить guarded – защищен internal-urethral sphincter – сфинктер мочеиспускательного канала to leak out – вытечь sphincter muscle – сфинктер grip – зажатие, сжатие Renal arteries – почечная артерия Renal vein – почечная вена Inferior Vena Cava – полая нижняя вена Glomerular Filtration – фильтрация в почечных тельцах Tubular reabsorption – канальцевая реабсорбция Tubular secretion – канальцевая секреция osmoregulatory organ – осморегуляротный орган urea - мочевина uric acid – мочевая кислота Osmoregulation - осморегуляция

Urinary system is also known as excretory system of human body. It is the system of production, storage and elimination of urine. Urine is a liquid produced by the kidneys, collected in the bladder and excreted through the urethra. Urine is used to extract excess minerals or vitamins as well as blood corpuscles from the body. Formation and elimination of urine is important for human body because urine contains nitrogenous wastes of the body that must be eliminated to maintain homeostasis. Nitrogenous wastes are formed by metabolic activities in the cells. Urinary system is important for keeping the internal environment of the body clean. Human urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, a urinary bladder, a urethra and sphincter muscles.

T he kidneys are the main organs of homeostasis because they maintain the acid base balance and the water salt balance of the blood. Kidneys are the major organs of urinary system. Formation of urine takes place in kidneys which are two bean shaped organs lying on the left and the right side of the body, just below the ribs. They acts as the filtration system of the body and clean the blood of the toxic materials. Kidneys play a vital role in the regulation of the blood pressure. They do this by eliminating water from the blood or by conserving it. They regulate the pH of the blood. They also regulate the number of different elements such as Na+, etc., in the blood. They secrete erythropoietin, a hormone, which stimulates the production of red-blood cells. They manufacture vitamin D. They filter blood and separate toxic substances such as bilirubin, ammonia, and creatinine. They also filter and separate chemicals that are not indigenous to the body, such as pharmaceutical drugs, and toxic substances such as lead and mercury.

URETERS: These are muscular tubes extending from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. Urine, which from kidney, is transported by ureters to the bladder where it is stored before being excreted in the process of micturition or urination.

Urinary Bladder collects urine before it is excreted from the body. Urinary bladder is a hollow muscular and elastic organ sitting on the pelvic floor. The bladder stores as much as 2 cups of urine. The longitudinal muscles of the bladder contract to expel the urine out. Urethra is a tube that connects the urinary bladder to the external genitalia for elimination from the body. The urethra is responsible for the actual passage of urine out of the body.

The connection between the urethra and the bladder is guarded by an internal-urethral sphincter (a circular band of smooth muscles). This band of muscles do not allow the urine to leak out of the bladder. There are two sphincter muscles which control the elimination of urine from human body. The external of the two muscles is under voluntary control of the body. When it receives a message from the brain, it relaxes its grip and lets the urine flow out of the body during the process of urination.

Renal arteries come from Aorta and are for supplying the kidneys with blood.

Renal veins go into Inferior Vena Cava and are for taking blood away from the kidneys.

Functions of urinary system:

The urinary system performs the following important functions:

1. The main function of urinary system is formation and elimination of urine. Urine is formed by the kidneys in 3 steps; 1) Glomerular Filtration, 2)Tubular reabsorption, and 3)Tubular secretion.

2. Kidneys are important osmoregulatory organs of human body. They maintain salt and water balance of the body. If the concentration of salt or water is increased above normal, kidney will excrete the excess amount. If the concentration is decreased, kidneys will reduce the loss of water and salts in urine.

3. Kidneys are important regulators of pH of body fluids. Kidneys keep the pH balanced within a very small range and provide an optimum environment for all processes of life.

4. The human urinary system functions in the elimination of urine which contains:

1. Nitrogenous wastes which include ammonia, urea and uric acid.

2. Salt concentrations in body fluids which include Mg, K, and Na

3. Excessive water in the body in a process called osmoregulation.

Exercises.

1. Give the name to the following definitions.

1. comes from Aorta and are for supplying the kidneys with blood.

2. comes from urinary bladder and exit urine out of human body.

3. filter and regulate nitrogenous wastes, salt concentrations and body water

4. goes into Inferior Vena Cava and are for taking blood away from the kidneys

5. is the reservoir for urine

6. goes into urinary bladder and are for carrying urine away from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

2. Learn the diagram of the Urinary system.

Video tasks:

1. List the components of the urinary system. 2. Describe the location and appearance of the kidneys. 3. Discuss the process of urinary filtration. 4. Explain how micturition occurs. 5. Discuss the role of the urinary system in maintaining homeostasis.

URINARY SYSTEM SCHEME

УРОК №10. ПОЛОВАЯ СИСТЕМА. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Vocabulary:

sex cells – половые клетки gametes – гамета (половая клетка) sperm – сперма egg, ovum – яйцеклетка capacity – способность to give rise – дать начало male reproductive systems – мужская половая система female reproductive systems – женская половая система reproduction – размножение to produce eggs – выработать яйцеклетку fertilization – оплодотворение development – развитие uterus – матка the ovaries – яичники the fallopian tubes – маточные трубы the vagina – влагалище womb – матка to host – дословно – принимать гостей, быть хозяином passage – канал, путь to fertilize – оплодотворять pelvic cavity – полость таза estrogen – эстроген progesterone – прогестерон a mature ovum – зрелая яйцеклетка ovary – яичник cilia – реснички cervix of the uterus – шейка матки receptacle – вместилище sexual intercourse – половой акт

parturition – роды vulva - вульва labia – половые губы clitoris - клитор scrotum - мошонка testes - яички spermatic duct – семенной канал sex gland – половая железа penis - пенис semen – семенная жидкость pubic – лобковый pouch – мешочек testicles – яичко gonad – гонада (половая железа) testosterone – тестостерон glandular – железистый spermatic cord – половой канатик ductus deferens, vas deferens – семенной проток lymphatic vessels – лимфатические сосуды epididymis – эпидидимис (придаток яичка) ejaculatory duct – семявыбрасывающий проток Cowper’s glands – куперова железа bulbourethral glands – бульбоуретральная железа exocrine glands – железа внешней секреции alkaline fluid – щелочная жидкость to lubricate – смазывать external opening – внешнее отверстие to ejaculate – извергать семенную жидкость

In the human reproductive process, two kinds of sex cells, or gametes, are involved. The male gamete, or sperm, and the female gamete, the egg or ovum, meet in the female's reproductive system to create a baby. Both the male and female reproductive systems are essential for reproduction.

Reproduction is the capacity of all living organisms to give rise to their babies that are similar to them. In human beings, sexual type of reproduction takes place and for this type of reproduction, male and female reproductive systems are required.

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM is the system of reproduction in female human beings. Main role of female reproductive system is to produce eggs and allow the process of fertilization and development to take place within their body. Female reproductive system consists of internal and external parts.

Internal parts are the functional parts of female reproductive system. There are two main internal parts: the uterus, the ovaries, the fallopian tubes and the vagina.

Uterus (also known as womb) is the major hollow, muscular reproductive organ of females. It hosts the developing fetus, produces secretions of the female reproductive system and allow the passage of sperms to fallopian tubes where sperms fertilize with eggs.

Ovaries are small paired organs located near the pelvic cavity of females. Ovaries produce female sex hormones such as estrogen and progesterone and the female egg cells (the ovum). Each month during ovulation, a mature ovum is released. The ovum travels from the ovary to the fallopian tube, where it may be fertilized before reaching the uterus.

The fallopian tubes are a pair of muscular tubes that extend from the left and right superior corners of the uterus to the edge of the ovaries. The inside of each fallopian tube is covered in cilia that work with the smooth muscle of the tube to carry the ovum to the uterus.

The vagina is an elastic, muscular tube that connects the cervix of the uterus to the exterior of the body. The vagina functions as the receptacle for the penis during sexual intercourse and carries sperm to the uterus and fallopian tubes. It also serves as the birth canal by stretching to allow delivery of the fetus during childbirth. During menstruation, the menstrual flow exits the body via the vagina.

External parts are accessory parts of female reproductive system. They help in the process of fertilization, and parturition etc. They are: vulva, labia, clitoris.

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM is the system of sex organs of male human beings that are a part of the overall reproductive process of human beings. The male reproductive system includes the scrotum, testes, spermatic ducts, sex glands, and penis. These organs work together to produce sperm, the male gamete, and the other components of semen. These organs also work together to deliver semen out of the body and into the vagina where it can fertilize egg cells to produce offspring.

The scrotum is a sac-like organ made of skin and muscles that houses the testes. It is located inferior to the penis in the pubic region. The scrotum is made up of 2 side-by-side pouches with a testis located in each pouch.

The two testes, also known as testicles, are the male gonads responsible for the production of sperm and testosterone. The testes are ellipsoid glandular organs around 1.5 to 2 inches long and an inch in diameter. Each testis is found inside its own pouch on one side of the scrotum.

Within the scrotum, a pair of spermatic cords connects the testes to the abdominal cavity. The spermatic cords contain the ductus deferens along with nerves, veins, arteries, and lymphatic vessels that support the function of the testes.

The ductus deferens, also known as the vas deferens, is a muscular tube that carries sperm superiorly from the epididymis into the abdominal cavity to the ejaculatory duct.

The Cowper’s glands, also known as the bulbourethral glands, are a pair of exocrine glands that secrete a thin alkaline fluid into the urethra that lubricates the urethra and neutralizes acid from urine remaining in the urethra after urination.

The penis is the male external sexual organ and contains the urethra and the external opening of the urethra. The function of the penis is to deliver semen into the vagina during sexual intercourse. In addition to its reproductive function, the penis also allows for the excretion of urine through the urethra to the exterior of the body.

Semen is the fluid produced by males for sexual reproduction and is ejaculated out of the body during sexual intercourse. Semen contains sperm, the male reproductive gametes, along with a number of chemicals suspended in a liquid medium.

Exercises:

I. Answer the questions.

1. What is the function of ovaries?

2. What is the uterus?

3. What is the function of breast?

4. What are the factors influencing longer life expectancy of women?

5. What is the process of fertilization?

6. What is the age for the menopause?

7. Name the diseases affecting women.

2. Write the parts of the female Reproductive system. Name their functions in the human body.

Video tasks:

1. Name two things that make the reproductive system different from the other body systems. 2. List the components of the male and female reproductive systems. 3. Describe the male and female reproductive cells. 4. Discuss the role of hormones in the female reproductive cycle. 5. Describe the processes of ovulation and fertilization. 6. List the changes that occur to the fertilized egg during pregnancy. 7. Differentiate between colostrum and breast milk.

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM SCHEME

APPENDIX I. TOPICS.