- •The ancient near east
- •I. Pretext exercises
- •II. Text I the ancient near east
- •III. Reading skills
- •IV. Vocabulary skills
- •V. Speaking skills
- •VI. Writing skills
- •VII. Translation skills
- •The Fertile Crescent
- •Words to remember
- •Unit II ancient egypt
- •I. Pretext exercises
- •II. Text II ancient egypt
- •Mumification
- •III. Reading skills
- •IV. Vocabulary skills
- •V. Speaking skills
- •VI. Writing skills
- •VI. Translation skills
- •Egyptian Religion
- •Words to remember
- •Unit III two great cities oe the indus valley
- •I. Pretext exercises
- •II. Text III two great cities of the indus valley
- •III. Reading skills
- •IV. Vocabulary skills
- •V. Speaking skills
- •VI. Writing skills
- •Vil translation skills
- •Words to remember
- •Prehistoric china
- •I. Pretext exercises
- •II. Text IV prehistoric china
- •I. Reading skills
- •II. Vocabulary skills
- •V. Speaking skills
- •VIII. Writing skills
- •VII. Translation skills
- •Chinese Writing
- •Words to remember
- •Unit V the aryan empire
- •I. Pretext exercises
- •II. Text V the aryan empire
- •III. Reading skills
- •IV. Vocabulary skills
- •Speaking skills
- •V. Writing skills
- •VII. Translation skills
- •Санскрит
- •Upanishads
- •Words to remember
- •Unit VI classes and castes in ancient india
- •I. Pretext exercises
- •II. Text VI classes and castes
- •III. Reading skills
- •IV. Vocabulary skills
- •V. Speaking skills
- •VI. Writing skills
- •VII. Translation skills
- •Theories of Caste
- •Words to remember
- •Unit VII the mauryan empire
- •I. Pretext exercises
- •II. Text VII the mauryan empire
- •II. Reading skills
- •III. Vocabulary skills
- •IV. Speaking skills
- •V. Writing skills
- •VI. Translation skills
- •Words to remember
- •Unit VIII gupta empire
- •I. Pretext exercises
- •II. Text VIII gupta empire
- •III. Reading skills
- •IV. Vocabulary skills
- •V. Speaking skills
- •Compare the first and second native India's dynasties.
- •Trace the main ideas of the Guptas' religious policy.
- •Ask as many questions as you can to cover the rest of the text and ask your groupmates to answer them.
- •In a dialogue try to find some similarities in the development of Indian Empires.
- •VII. Writing skills
- •19. Topics for essay writing:
- •VIII. Translation skills
- •Imaginary Beasts
- •Words to remember
- •Unit IX zhous come to power
- •I. Pretext exercises
- •II. Text IX zhous come to power
- •IV. Reading skills
- •V. Vocabulary skills
- •VI. Speaking skills
- •VI. Writing skills
- •VIII. Translation skills
- •Государство Джоу
- •Words to remember
- •Unit X the greek world
- •I. Pretext exercises
- •II. Text X the greek world
- •III. Vocabulary skills
- •II. Reading skills
- •VII. Speaking skills
- •2) Ask your classmates to guess the word by your definition.
- •VIII. Writing skills
- •IX. Translation skills
- •Religion
- •Words to remember
- •Unit XI the roman empire
- •I. Pretext exercises
- •II. Text XI the roman empire
- •III. Reading skills
- •IV. Vocabulary skills
- •V. Speaking skills
- •VI. Writing skills
- •VII. Translation skills
- •Древний Рим
- •The Roman Empire
- •Words to remember
- •Unit XII neighbours of hercules
- •I. Pretext exercises
- •III. Reading skills
- •IV. Vocabulary skills
- •V. Speaking skills
- •VII. Writing skills
- •VII. Translation skills
- •The Seven Wonders of the World
- •Words to remember
- •Reader sumerians
- •Нittite empire
- •Assyrians
- •Babylonians
- •Peoples oe syria
- •Phoenitians and arameans
- •Anatolia
- •Persians
- •Persian Culture in Achaemenid Times
- •Earliest Egypt
- •Old Kingdom
- •Religion
- •Religions Reform of Akhenaten
- •Indus valley
- •China jade
- •China during q1n dynasty
- •The olympic games Origins and Preparations
- •Preparations and Sacrifices
- •Gladiators
- •One of the most famous buildings from ancient rome
- •Chariot-races
- •Europeans and ancient greece and rome
- •Vocabulary
Chinese Writing
The signs on the oracle bones were first pictograms, but in time they became abstract symbols or expressions of art idea. In order to write Chinese, the scribe had to memorize every character, and the reader had to know the meaning. The number of characters approached 6,000 and took many years to learn.
Most Chinese words have only one syllable. Each syllable can have a different meaning depending on a high, middle, low, or very low pitch. Of course, this cannot be expressed in writing. That is why all Chinese characters must be memorized. Despite the fact that Chinese has many dialects, all literate people read the same characters and understand the same meaning. isolated from the others, its characteristics were the most original, for what the Chinese borrowed, they soon adapted to their own way of life.
Early China's history is not well known, for its records are sketchy and buildings of perishable material no longer exist. Yet certain patterns of Chinese life, their notion that the emperor represents Heaven, their veneration of ancestors, and their great, respect for the spirit world were molded in the experience of ancient China.
Of the four great ancient civilizations, the Chinese is the youngest, but it has also been the most enduring. Although the ancient Egyptian culture has disappeared, the Chinese civilization continues. Since it was the most
Words to remember
anxious a — 1. озабоченный, беспокоящийся (for, about - o); be ~ about - беспокоиться о; 2. сильно желающий (for — чего-л.; с инф.)
cereal I n — 1. зерновые культуры; 2. крупа, крупяной продукт (полученные из зерновых культур)
cereal II a — зерновой, хлебный, злаковый (о растениях); ~
crop — зерновая культура
evidence n — 1. факты, данные, основание; знак, признак, симптом; on this ~ — в свете этого, на основании этого; from all ~ - на основании всех фактов, Syn: indication, sign; 2. доказательство, подтверждение; свидетельство, Syn: testimony, proof
fertility n — плодородие; изобилие (в области животного и растительного мира), Syn: abundance
furnish v - 1. снабжать (with); доставлять, Syn: equip, provide; 2. предъявлять, давать, предоставлять, Syn: contribute, supply
grave gifts — погребальные предметы
mortal a — смертный; свойственный смертным; ~ man -смертный человек, Ant: immortal
nomad n — кочевник
nomadic a — кочевой, кочующий
presume v - предполагать, полагать; допускать; считать доказанным
sericulture n - шелководство, Syn: silkworm breeding
subject I n - 1. человек, подданный, гражданин; ~ of the crown - подданный какого-л. королевства; 2. вассал
subject II а — подчиненный, находящийся в подчинении
thatched a — крытый соломой
tools n pl — 1. (рабочий) инструмент; орудия труда; 2. приспособления, Syn: implements
transition n — 1. перемещение, переход, Syn: change; 2. эволюция, развитие; 3. переходный период