- •The ancient near east
- •I. Pretext exercises
- •II. Text I the ancient near east
- •III. Reading skills
- •IV. Vocabulary skills
- •V. Speaking skills
- •VI. Writing skills
- •VII. Translation skills
- •The Fertile Crescent
- •Words to remember
- •Unit II ancient egypt
- •I. Pretext exercises
- •II. Text II ancient egypt
- •Mumification
- •III. Reading skills
- •IV. Vocabulary skills
- •V. Speaking skills
- •VI. Writing skills
- •VI. Translation skills
- •Egyptian Religion
- •Words to remember
- •Unit III two great cities oe the indus valley
- •I. Pretext exercises
- •II. Text III two great cities of the indus valley
- •III. Reading skills
- •IV. Vocabulary skills
- •V. Speaking skills
- •VI. Writing skills
- •Vil translation skills
- •Words to remember
- •Prehistoric china
- •I. Pretext exercises
- •II. Text IV prehistoric china
- •I. Reading skills
- •II. Vocabulary skills
- •V. Speaking skills
- •VIII. Writing skills
- •VII. Translation skills
- •Chinese Writing
- •Words to remember
- •Unit V the aryan empire
- •I. Pretext exercises
- •II. Text V the aryan empire
- •III. Reading skills
- •IV. Vocabulary skills
- •Speaking skills
- •V. Writing skills
- •VII. Translation skills
- •Санскрит
- •Upanishads
- •Words to remember
- •Unit VI classes and castes in ancient india
- •I. Pretext exercises
- •II. Text VI classes and castes
- •III. Reading skills
- •IV. Vocabulary skills
- •V. Speaking skills
- •VI. Writing skills
- •VII. Translation skills
- •Theories of Caste
- •Words to remember
- •Unit VII the mauryan empire
- •I. Pretext exercises
- •II. Text VII the mauryan empire
- •II. Reading skills
- •III. Vocabulary skills
- •IV. Speaking skills
- •V. Writing skills
- •VI. Translation skills
- •Words to remember
- •Unit VIII gupta empire
- •I. Pretext exercises
- •II. Text VIII gupta empire
- •III. Reading skills
- •IV. Vocabulary skills
- •V. Speaking skills
- •Compare the first and second native India's dynasties.
- •Trace the main ideas of the Guptas' religious policy.
- •Ask as many questions as you can to cover the rest of the text and ask your groupmates to answer them.
- •In a dialogue try to find some similarities in the development of Indian Empires.
- •VII. Writing skills
- •19. Topics for essay writing:
- •VIII. Translation skills
- •Imaginary Beasts
- •Words to remember
- •Unit IX zhous come to power
- •I. Pretext exercises
- •II. Text IX zhous come to power
- •IV. Reading skills
- •V. Vocabulary skills
- •VI. Speaking skills
- •VI. Writing skills
- •VIII. Translation skills
- •Государство Джоу
- •Words to remember
- •Unit X the greek world
- •I. Pretext exercises
- •II. Text X the greek world
- •III. Vocabulary skills
- •II. Reading skills
- •VII. Speaking skills
- •2) Ask your classmates to guess the word by your definition.
- •VIII. Writing skills
- •IX. Translation skills
- •Religion
- •Words to remember
- •Unit XI the roman empire
- •I. Pretext exercises
- •II. Text XI the roman empire
- •III. Reading skills
- •IV. Vocabulary skills
- •V. Speaking skills
- •VI. Writing skills
- •VII. Translation skills
- •Древний Рим
- •The Roman Empire
- •Words to remember
- •Unit XII neighbours of hercules
- •I. Pretext exercises
- •III. Reading skills
- •IV. Vocabulary skills
- •V. Speaking skills
- •VII. Writing skills
- •VII. Translation skills
- •The Seven Wonders of the World
- •Words to remember
- •Reader sumerians
- •Нittite empire
- •Assyrians
- •Babylonians
- •Peoples oe syria
- •Phoenitians and arameans
- •Anatolia
- •Persians
- •Persian Culture in Achaemenid Times
- •Earliest Egypt
- •Old Kingdom
- •Religion
- •Religions Reform of Akhenaten
- •Indus valley
- •China jade
- •China during q1n dynasty
- •The olympic games Origins and Preparations
- •Preparations and Sacrifices
- •Gladiators
- •One of the most famous buildings from ancient rome
- •Chariot-races
- •Europeans and ancient greece and rome
- •Vocabulary
VII. Translation skills
Ex. 21. Translate the text into Russian:
The Fertile Crescent
The Fertile Crescent, that part of Southwestern Asia extending from the Mediterranean Sea to western Iran, was the setting for the first world civilization. This is hardly a surprise because it was in this part of the world that the first towns were built and the domestication of plants and animals followed. It was here that village life moved from societies, or cultures, into civilization.
The people of the Fertile Crescent had an organized political, system, an economy based on private ownership, social classes, and a religion that required a priestly class to intercede with the gods and goddesses. They built public buildings as well as private homes. They also started handwriting. They established a pattern of life that historians and sociologists now use to define a civilization.
The ancient Greeks called the Tigris-Euphrates Valley Mesopotamia, the land between the rivers. At the time of annual spring flood, the rivers laid down a rich layer of fertile silt over the land, guaranteeing excellent farming. This rich soil attracted people into the Valley.
As early as 6,000 ВС there is evidence that the people who lived along the banks of the river dug channels alongside it to irrigate the fields. Irrigation replaced the rainfall, and the plants produced far greater yields than before.
About 4,000 ВС a migration of people from the Arabian peninsula took up residence in the valley. They brought new skills with them for they had words for potter, carpenter, and weaver, which demonstrates their familiarity with these crafts.
Possibly about 3500 ВС the people who are known as the Sumerians relocated in the Tigris-Euphrates Valley. Archaeologists are certain that there was a major growth in the population, either the result of migration or an unforeseen jump in the number of indigenous people at that time.
Ex. 22. Translate into English.
Древним Востоком мы называем страны древнейших цивилизаций, возникшие в Северной Африке и южной части Азии. В IV - III тысячелетиях до н. э. в Междуречье Евфрата и Тифа образовались древнейшие в мире города-государства шумеров и Аккадское царство, а затем, несколько позже, государства в Малой Азии и на восточном побережье Средиземного моря.
Между государствами Древнего Востока почти непрерывно шли войны. Их целью было завоевание чужих земель, захват рабов и другой добычи. Государства то усиливались и грабили своих соседей, то слабели и гибли. В XVIII веке до н. э.
Вавилонское царство объединило все Междуречье, но оно рухнуло уже в следующем столетии. В VIII веке до н. э. грозой соседей стала Ассирия — первоначально небольшое государство на берегах реки Тигра. Ассирийцы покорили почти всю переднюю Азию и Египет, однако в конце VII в до н. э. их государство пало под ударами врагов. В VI веке до н. э. образовалось огромное Персидское царство. Его владения простирались от Египта и берегов Эгейского моря до реки Инд. Царя Персии называли «владыкой всех людей от восхода до захода солнца». Персидское царство погибло под натиском греко-македонского войска во главе с Александром Македонским. В Азию проникли новые завоеватели — македоняне и греки, а позднее римляне.
На Древнем Востоке были освоены многие полезные растения: хлопок, лен, пшеница, чай, виноград. Были приручены козы, овцы, верблюды, лошади, кошки, куры и другие животные. На Древнем Востоке возникли науки: математика, астрономия, медицина. Древний Восток - родина письменности, которая зародилась из рисунков.
Созданная в течение тысячелетий культура Древнего Востока была унаследована другими народами и легла в основу последующего культурного развития. Нередко Древний Восток называют колыбелью культуры.