- •The ancient near east
- •I. Pretext exercises
- •II. Text I the ancient near east
- •III. Reading skills
- •IV. Vocabulary skills
- •V. Speaking skills
- •VI. Writing skills
- •VII. Translation skills
- •The Fertile Crescent
- •Words to remember
- •Unit II ancient egypt
- •I. Pretext exercises
- •II. Text II ancient egypt
- •Mumification
- •III. Reading skills
- •IV. Vocabulary skills
- •V. Speaking skills
- •VI. Writing skills
- •VI. Translation skills
- •Egyptian Religion
- •Words to remember
- •Unit III two great cities oe the indus valley
- •I. Pretext exercises
- •II. Text III two great cities of the indus valley
- •III. Reading skills
- •IV. Vocabulary skills
- •V. Speaking skills
- •VI. Writing skills
- •Vil translation skills
- •Words to remember
- •Prehistoric china
- •I. Pretext exercises
- •II. Text IV prehistoric china
- •I. Reading skills
- •II. Vocabulary skills
- •V. Speaking skills
- •VIII. Writing skills
- •VII. Translation skills
- •Chinese Writing
- •Words to remember
- •Unit V the aryan empire
- •I. Pretext exercises
- •II. Text V the aryan empire
- •III. Reading skills
- •IV. Vocabulary skills
- •Speaking skills
- •V. Writing skills
- •VII. Translation skills
- •Санскрит
- •Upanishads
- •Words to remember
- •Unit VI classes and castes in ancient india
- •I. Pretext exercises
- •II. Text VI classes and castes
- •III. Reading skills
- •IV. Vocabulary skills
- •V. Speaking skills
- •VI. Writing skills
- •VII. Translation skills
- •Theories of Caste
- •Words to remember
- •Unit VII the mauryan empire
- •I. Pretext exercises
- •II. Text VII the mauryan empire
- •II. Reading skills
- •III. Vocabulary skills
- •IV. Speaking skills
- •V. Writing skills
- •VI. Translation skills
- •Words to remember
- •Unit VIII gupta empire
- •I. Pretext exercises
- •II. Text VIII gupta empire
- •III. Reading skills
- •IV. Vocabulary skills
- •V. Speaking skills
- •Compare the first and second native India's dynasties.
- •Trace the main ideas of the Guptas' religious policy.
- •Ask as many questions as you can to cover the rest of the text and ask your groupmates to answer them.
- •In a dialogue try to find some similarities in the development of Indian Empires.
- •VII. Writing skills
- •19. Topics for essay writing:
- •VIII. Translation skills
- •Imaginary Beasts
- •Words to remember
- •Unit IX zhous come to power
- •I. Pretext exercises
- •II. Text IX zhous come to power
- •IV. Reading skills
- •V. Vocabulary skills
- •VI. Speaking skills
- •VI. Writing skills
- •VIII. Translation skills
- •Государство Джоу
- •Words to remember
- •Unit X the greek world
- •I. Pretext exercises
- •II. Text X the greek world
- •III. Vocabulary skills
- •II. Reading skills
- •VII. Speaking skills
- •2) Ask your classmates to guess the word by your definition.
- •VIII. Writing skills
- •IX. Translation skills
- •Religion
- •Words to remember
- •Unit XI the roman empire
- •I. Pretext exercises
- •II. Text XI the roman empire
- •III. Reading skills
- •IV. Vocabulary skills
- •V. Speaking skills
- •VI. Writing skills
- •VII. Translation skills
- •Древний Рим
- •The Roman Empire
- •Words to remember
- •Unit XII neighbours of hercules
- •I. Pretext exercises
- •III. Reading skills
- •IV. Vocabulary skills
- •V. Speaking skills
- •VII. Writing skills
- •VII. Translation skills
- •The Seven Wonders of the World
- •Words to remember
- •Reader sumerians
- •Нittite empire
- •Assyrians
- •Babylonians
- •Peoples oe syria
- •Phoenitians and arameans
- •Anatolia
- •Persians
- •Persian Culture in Achaemenid Times
- •Earliest Egypt
- •Old Kingdom
- •Religion
- •Religions Reform of Akhenaten
- •Indus valley
- •China jade
- •China during q1n dynasty
- •The olympic games Origins and Preparations
- •Preparations and Sacrifices
- •Gladiators
- •One of the most famous buildings from ancient rome
- •Chariot-races
- •Europeans and ancient greece and rome
- •Vocabulary
VII. Translation skills
Ex. 21. Translate into English:
Санскрит
Санскрит — один из основных древнеиндийских языков. Он получил распространение с первого тысячелетия до н. э. в Северной Индии. В древние времена санскрит называли «божественным языком». Само название SAM-SKRTA обозначает «составленный», язык, доведенный до формального совершенства. Различают несколько видов санскрита: эпический (язык «Махабхараты» и «Рамаяны»), классический, буддийский. Иногда выделяют ведийский язык поздневедийских текстов.
На санскрите написаны многочисленные произведения религиозной, философской, юридической и научной литературы. В Индии санскрит используется как язык гуманитарных наук и культа. В •узком кругу ученых-брахманов им пользуются как разговорным.
Санскрит и санскритоязычная культура оказали влияние на соседние ареалы Юго-Восточной и Центральной Азии, а с конца XVIII века на Европу и Америку.
(Лингвистический словарь)
Ex. 21. Translate into Russian:
Upanishads
From about 700 to 500 ВС Indian philosophers expended on the idea of the brahmans. Their commentaries on the Vedas are known as Upanishads. This is the word for "seat near" in Sanskrit, fox the disciples had to be close to hear the teaching of their master, the guru.
The philosophers taught the unity of all reality. The whole physical universe is really one but is expressed in individual bodies. All beings partake of the atman, the spirit that infuses reality. It is indestructible, but the bodies that it inhabits are corruptible; therefore, death and decay are everyday phenomena.
A major concern of the teachers whose wisdom appears in Upanishads was the stress on dharma, which means duty. Everyone who is human has certain responsibilities and obligations. Doing one's duty, fulfilling what is expected of one's role in this life, merits karma for a person. Good actions add to karma throughout one's life. At death, when a person is done with earthly existence, a person's atman will be reborn, either into a higher or lower state, depending on the amount of karma accumulated.
Once a person has enough karma, it is possible to break the cycle of constant rebirth. She or he obtains moshka (enlightenment), which allows a person to be joined with Brahma. A person then loses his or her identity and becomes part of the spirit that inheres in the universe.
Words to remember
chant I n- 1. песнь, песнопение, Syn: song; 2. произнеcение нараспев
chant II v - петь; воспевать, восхвалять (в музыкальной форме), Syn: sing, hymn
chieftain n — вождь {клана, племени)
descent n - происхождение {часто с указанием, по какой линии); trace one's ~ — выяснить чье-л. происхождение; ~ from — происхождение от, Syn: ancestry, lineage
divinity n — 1. божественность; 2. божество; небесное создание, Syn: deity
eventually adv — в конце концов; со временем, Syn: ultimately, in the end
gamble v — совершать набеги, грабить
omnipotent a - всемогущий, всесильный {особенно о Боге), Syn: all-powerful, almighty
rustle v {AmE) — красть, угонять (скот)
sacred a — 1. священный; святой; божественный; ~ places — святые места; ~ writing—священное писание {религиозные книги), Syn: holy, divine; 2. духовный {имеющий отношение к религии, к церкви);~ songs—духовные песнопения
sacrifice I n - жертва; жертвоприношение (to - кому-л.), Syn: offering
sacrifice II v — приносить в жертву (to - кому-л.), совершать жертвоприношение; жертвовать
scribe n - писец; переписчик {документов, рукописей)
seek (sought) v - 1. искать, Syn: look for; 2. добиваться, стремиться; 3. предпринимать попытку, пытаться; ~ for sleep — пытаться уснуть
tenet n —догмат, доктрина, принцип; basic ~, fundamental ~ — основной принцип, главное правило, Syn: creed