- •Введение
- •Contents
- •Фонетика (phonetics)
- •1. Основы теории (phonetic theory)
- •§ 1. Английская артикуляция (English Articulation)
- •1. 1. Органы речи
- •1. 2. Особенности английской артикуляции
- •1. 3. Упражнения для губ и языка
- •§ 3. Транскрипция (Transcription)
- •§ 2. Фонема (Phoneme)
- •§ 4. Классификации английских фонем (English Phonemes Classifications)
- •4. 1. Классификация фонем по участию шума и голоса
- •4. 2. Классификация гласных фонем
- •4. 3. Классификация согласных фонем
- •I. Губные согласные
- •§ 5. Особенности английской фонетической системы (English Phonetic System)
- •§ 6. Ассимиляция (Assimilation)
- •Носовой взрыв
- •Потеря взрыва при сочетании двух взрывных согласных
- •§ 7. Редукция
- •§ 8. Интонация (Intonation)
- •8. 1. Синтагма
- •8. 2. Компоненты и функции интонации
- •8. 3. Тонограмма
- •8. 4. Шкала
- •8. 5. Ядро
- •8. 6. Фразовое ударение
- •8. 7. Ритм
- •8. 8. Особенности мелодики английского предложения
- •§ 9. Интонационные контуры (Nuclear Tones)
- •9.1. Низкий нисходящий тон (Low Fall)
- •9. 2. Низкий восходящий тон (Low Rise)
- •9.3. Высокий нисходящий тон (High Fall)
- •9.4. Нисходяще-восходящий тон (Fall-Rise)
- •9.5. Высокий восходящий тон
- •9.6. Восходяще-нисходящий тон
- •9.7. Ровный тон
- •2. Фонетическая практика (phonetic practice) lesson 1
- •Lesson 2
- •Слогоделение
- •Lesson 3
- •Материал для чтения (Low Fall)
- •Lesson 4
- •Регрессивная ассимиляция
- •Материал для чтения (редукция)
- •Lesson 5
- •Связующее [r]
- •Сочетания [z – ð] и [s – θ] в потоке речи
- •Материал для чтения (Low Rise)
- •Lesson 6
- •Логическое ударение
- •Синтагматическое членение предложения
- •Употребление низкого восходящего тона в предложениях, содержащих просьбу
- •Материал для чтения
- •Lesson 7
- •Сочетание согласного с [w]
- •Употребление низкого нисходящего тона в вопросах и восклицаниях
- •Материал для чтения (High Fall)
- •Lesson 8
- •Произношение частицы to перед инфинитивом
- •Ударение в сложных существительных
- •Чтение предлогов и местоимений в конце предложения
- •Употребление низкого восходящего тона в предложениях с перечислением
- •Lesson 9
- •М атериал для чтения (Fall Rise)
- •Lesson 10
- •Сочетание согласного с [r]
- •Сочетание дифтонга с гласным [ə]
- •Глагол «have»
- •Материал для чтения
- •Lesson 11 Английский алфавит
- •Влияние ритма на ударение
- •Reading material (Level Tone)
- •Dialogue 1
- •Dialogue 2
- •Lesson 12 Интонация обращения
- •Интонация приветствий
- •Revision
- •I. Read the sentences.
- •II. Ответьте на вопросы:
- •Introductory course
- •Professions
- •I. Artist
- •II. Director
- •VII. Tutor
- •VIII. Mind the use of prepositions.
- •2. Animals, Birds and Insects
- •I’m not just an animal person
- •I couldn’t live without my pet
- •The Days of the Week
- •The Names of the Months
- •Columbus Day (the second Monday in October)
- •1. Mark the sentences as true, false or not given in the text.
- •2. Choose the appropriate ending or part of each sentence.
- •Unit 2. Describing people Describing People
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Appearance
- •2. Character
- •Sharing Doesn’t Always Come Easy
- •Revealing faces (The shape of your face can give a clue to your personality)
- •Text 2. Aunt Emily
- •Vocabulary
- •3. Word combinations
- •4. Word combinations
- •6. Learn the proverbs and popular phrases. Use them in your conversation.
- •Happy Birthday to You
- •At the Hairdresser’s
- •I Want You, Fiona
- •Unit 4. Holidays Text 1. Christmas Eve
- •Text 2. Christmas
- •Text 3. England. New Year
- •Auld Lang Syne
- •Vocabulary
- •Would you like to celebrate the New Year abroad?
- •How would you like to spend your winter vacations?
- •1. Translate or explain in English:
- •2. What Russian Christmas traditions do you know?
- •1. Give antonyms to the following words.
- •2. Translate or explain in English.
- •3. How will you translate the word pantomime into Russian in the first sentence of the text?
- •1. Do you know any other interesting traditions connected with the New Year?
- •2. Do you have any New Year traditions in your family?
- •1) Are you superstitious? 2) Do people in Russia and England have the same superstitions?
- •I know of no reason
- •Over the River and Through the Woods
- •Symbols of Thanksgiving
- •Grammar
- •Introductory course
- •1. Sentence
- •1. 4. Imperative sentences
- •1. 5. Types of questions
- •1. Tag questions
- •2. Yes/no questions
- •3. Choice questions
- •1. 6. Types of negative sentences
- •1. 7. The verbs ‘be’ & ‘have’
- •4. Present forms of be
- •II. Have
- •1) «Иметь, обладать».
- •3. Present forms of have as a notional verb
- •1. 8. Sentence word order
- •1. Basic word order in English declarative sentences
- •2. Sentence patterns with objects
- •3. Patterns with adverbs of indefinite time, frequency and others like always, also, never, often, seldom, probably, usually, etc.
- •4. Word order with attributes
- •2. The noun
- •2. 1. Classifications
- •I nouns
- •II nouns
- •III. Notes
- •2. 2. Plural of nouns
- •I. General rule
- •II. General rule exceptions
- •IV. Uncountable nouns different to Russian
- •V. Other nouns different to Russian
- •VI. Groups of words followed by the predicate in the singular
- •3. The numeral
- •I. Cardinal numerals answer the question How many?
- •II. Ordinal numerals answer the question Which?
- •III. Note
- •4. Pronouns
- •4. 1. Personal, possessive, reflexive
- •4. 2. Reciprocal pronouns
- •4. 3. Demonstrative pronouns
- •4. 4. Defining pronouns
- •4. 5. Indefinite and negative pronouns
- •5. Articles
- •5. 1. The indefinite article (a/an)
- •6. The possessive case
- •6. 1. General rule
- •6. 3. Notes
- •7. The present simple
- •7. 1. Formation
- •8. The present continuous tense
- •8. 1. Formation
- •8. 3. Spelling rules (present participle)
- •8. 4. Verbs of state (not used in Present Continuous)
- •9. The future simple tense
- •9.1. Formation
- •What Are You Gonna Do at Two?
- •Dialogue 1. In Prison
- •I. Ask questions.
- •III. Make the sentences negative.
- •IV. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.
- •V. Choose the correct form.
- •I. Ask questions.
- •III. Make the sentences negative.
- •IV. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.
- •V. Choose the correct form.
- •Situations for asking questions
- •I. Four types of stressed syllables
- •Word stress
- •III. Consonants
- •IV. Digraphs (two vowel letters which are read as one vowel sound)
- •VII. Vowels in unstressed position
- •Dialogue 1. Formal Introductions
- •Dialogue 2. Informal Introductions
- •Dialogue 3. Coincidences
- •Dialogue 4. Time
- •Dialogue 5. Birthdays
- •Dialogue 6. Recipes
- •Dialogue 7. Weather
- •Dialogue 8. Weddings
- •Dialogue 9. Animals
- •Dialogue 10. Safety
- •Dialogue 11. Happiness
- •Dialogue 12. Transportation.
- •Dialogue 13. Mistakes
- •Dialogue 14. Musical Instruments
- •Dialogue 15. Effort
- •Introductory course
- •I. What do people do when they meet in his country?
- •I prefer a big family
- •Written speech practice
- •1. Presentation of written work
- •2. Punctuation marks and dictation terms
- •3. Teacher’s notes on student’s mistakes
- •Introductory course
- •Voc. 1 (part 1)
- •Voc. 1 (part 2)
- •Voc. 2. Character
- •Voc. 1. Relatives by birth
- •Voc. 2. Relatives by marriage
- •Voc. 3. Word combinations
- •Voc. 4. Word combinations
- •Voc. 6. Proverbs
- •Introductory course
- •Voc. 1 (part 1)
- •Voc. 1 (part 2)
- •Voc. 2. Character
- •Voc. 1. Relatives by birth
- •Voc. 2. Relatives by marriage
- •Voc. 3. Word combinations
- •Voc. 4. Word combinations
- •Voc. 6. Proverbs
- •I am sailing (Rod Stewart)
- •If it takes forever
- •I just called (Stevie Wonder)
- •I saw her standing there
- •Imagine (John Lennon)
- •Freddy mercury & queen
- •2.1 Romeo and Juliet
- •2.2 Romeo and Juliet
- •4. Limerick
- •5. The Picture
- •6. Hate or Love?
- •7. Horror
- •8. Just a Cold
- •9. Reading Updike
- •10. Johnny the Fireman
- •11. Time To…
- •12. The Butler Did It!
- •13. Asking for Trouble
- •14. A House
- •15. What’s The Difference?
- •16. Avocados
- •17. Sandwich
- •18. What’s Up?
- •19. Beam Me Up, Scotty!
- •20. Live Long and Prosper!
- •21. What Do You Think?
- •22. The Magic Word
- •23. 1. Abracadabra
- •23. 2. Abracadabra
- •24. Vanity of Vanities
- •25. He Who Increases Knowledge
Situations for asking questions
Ask no less than 10 questions for additional information:
two tag questions (negative & positive), a yes/no question, a choice question and some wh-questions.
Model: He wants to have a new pet.
1) He has a pet already, doesn’t he? 2) He wouldn’t like an exotic pet, would he? 3) Does he like to watch documentaries about wild animals? 4) Will he prefer to have a dog or a cat? 5) What kind of pet does he want? 6) Who shares his interest for animals in the family? 7) Why does he want a new pet? 8) When will he buy it? 9) Where will he find it? 10) How much is he ready to pay for it?
His parents are going to buy a car.
Your friend goes to the seaside every summer.
Meg will marry soon.
Her brother likes to drive very fast.
His friends are in a café now.
Her grandparents have a house in the country.
Your friend’s sister wants to study a foreign language.
Jack likes to travel.
Their daughter is a student.
Her uncle is going to find a new job.
Mike is a singer.
Her neighbour doesn’t work.
She won’t go to this party.
His classmates are going to meet soon.
He has a birthday next Friday.
Her husband is very handsome.
Mark has a guitar.
His brothers are fond of movies.
They have very little free time.
His niece is seventeen.
She has a world of relatives.
His children will have a vacation soon.
Jenny’s hobby is gardening.
He is popular with girls.
Their nephew doesn’t do well at school.
Your friend has a new mobile phone.
Your groupmates rent a flat.
Fred wants to play in a musical group.
Their younger son is very shy.
Her mum works in a shop.
Jim wants to live abroad.
Some British students take a gap year after leaving school.
The New Year is coming.
Liz often goes to bed late.
She will celebrate Christmas with her family.
They don’t like winter.
They are afraid of their exams.
Her family always supports her.
SUPPLEMENT 1. READING RULES
I. Four types of stressed syllables
The pronunciation of English vowels depends on the type of syllable they occur in.
1. The first type of syllable is called an open syllable. It can be:
1) absolutely open when it ends in a vowel letter and in a vowel sound:
no, he, by, hi, flu;
2) relatively open when it ends in a vowel letter (mute E) but in a consonant sound:
note, plate, type, Pete, hide.
In the first type of syllable we read the vowels as they are pronounced in the alphabet, except the letter Y, which is pronounced as [aı]; the letter U can be pronounced as [ju:] or [u:].
2. The second type of syllable is called a closed syllable.
It ends in a consonant letter and in a consonant sound: cat, not, net, pin, bus
In the second type of syllable we read the vowels as short sounds.
3. In the third type of syllable the vowels are followed by the letter R, sometimes with another consonant at the end: star, form, her, girl, turn
In the third type of syllable we read the vowels as long sounds.
4. In the fourth type of syllable the vowels are followed by the letter R and another vowel, mute or pronounced: stare, Mary, core, mere, pyre, cure
In the fourth type of syllable we read the vowels as dipthongs or combinations of vowels, except O which is pronounced as [ɔ:].
type letter |
I |
II |
III |
IV |
|
open syllable |
closed syllable |
vowel + r (+consonant) |
vowel + r + vowel |
||
A [eı] |
[eı] fable fate |
[æ] fat |
[ɑ:] far farm |
[ɛə] fare daring |
|
exceptions |
[æ] have, habit [e] any, many |
[ɑ:] example [eı] chamber |
|
[ɑ:] are |
|
E [i:] |
[i:] me mete |
[e] met |
[з:] her term |
[ıə] here hero |
|
exceptions |
[e] medal, very (in two-syllable words) |
[ı] England, English |
[ɑ:] clerk |
[ɛə] where, there [з:] were |
|
I [aı] |
[aı] hi pine |
[ı] pin |
[з:] sir firm |
[aıə] fire firing |
|
exceptions |
[ı] give, live city, limit (two syllables) |
climb [klaım] |
|
|
|
O [ɜʊ] |
[ɜʊ] no note |
[ɒ] not |
[ɔ:] nor north |
[ɔ:] more snoring |
|
exceptions |
[u:] who, whose, lose, do |
folk [fɜʊk], off [ɔ:f] |
|
|
|
U [ju:] |
[u:] [ju:] flu duke |
[ʌ] cut |
[з:] fur turn |
[(j)ʊə] sure during |
|
exceptions |
busy [ˈbızı] |
usually after p,b: [ʊ] push, bull |
|
bury [ˈberı] |
|
Y [waı] |
[aı] by type |
[ı] gym |
[з:] Byrd |
[aıə] tyre tyrant |
|
NOTE |
When the stressed vowel is followed by double r, it is short like in the closed syllable |
[æ] carry; [e] cherry; [ı] squirrel; [ɒ] sorry; [ʌ] hurry. |
|||

syllable