- •Э. И. Серебренникова, и. Е. Кругликова
- •Учебное издание Эмма Исааковна Серебренникова Ирма Евгеньевна Круглякова
- •There is a good library in our Institute.
- •For a term of four years — сроком на четыре года
- •To achieve an outstanding record — достичь выдающегося успеха
- •To hold one of the leading places — занимать одно из первых мест text. The soviet union
- •2. The Degrees of Comparison.
- •Volume ['voljum] monument ['monjumant] motor vehicle I'mouta 'viukl]
- •Text. Moscow
- •Notes on the Text
- •Some Facts about Chemistry
- •Notes on the Text
- •Notes on the Text
- •Notes on the Text
- •Notes on the Text
- •Mass-produced materials — изделия массового производства
- •2. Revision oi the Passive Voice. Text: Laboratory.
- •Ventilating hood ['ventileitig £hud]
- •Notes on the Text
- •Fig. 1. Preparation of hydrogen chloride.
- •Fig. 2. Laboratory apparatus for th& preparation of nitric acid.
- •Fig. 4, a new, simplified technique for catalytic combustion of organic materials in oxygen.
- •A New, Simplified Technique for Catalytic Combustion of Organic Materials in Oxygen
- •Notes on the Text
- •In order to — для того чтобы
- •That is (I. E.) — то есть
- •To take into account — принимать во внимание text. The measurements in chemistry
- •2. The Suffixes.
- •Notes on the Text
- •To call for — требовать; нуждаться
- •Half-life — период полураспада
- •To dispense with — обходиться без тв xt. Radioactivity
- •What did research-workers understand?
- •Iron rod subsequent heating, temporary alteration reversed
- •Notes on the Text
- •Nevertheless — тем не менее
- •Just as — также как
- •To result from — происходить, проистекать text. Chemical and physical changes
- •2. The use of that.
- •Notes on the Text
- •1 In contrast to — в противоположность 2. Any given sample — любой имеющийся образец 3 one and a half times — в полтора раза
- •Index of refraction — коэффициент преломления
- •10 Times larger — в 10 раз больше
- •Notes on the Text
- •In the case of uranium — если мы имеем дело с ураном (в случае с
- •Regular atoms — обычные атомы
- •To be of great significance — иметь большое значение
- •Radioactive and Stable Isotopes
- •Stable Isotopes
- •Grammar: 1. The Emphatic Construction. The use of for. Revision of the Participle. Text: Some Semiconducting Materials. Lesson 15
- •This semiconductor was used in this device by our research-workers.
- •Notes on the Text
- •Notes on the Text
- •1. In turn — в свою очередь
- •Iodine crystals
- •Conductivity
- •The Metallic Elements
- •Notes on the Text
- •Owing to the presence — благодаря присутствию
- •In terms of — на основании, исходя из...
- •Low and high humidity.
- •In brackets:
- •2. Either ... Or, neither . . . Nor. Text: Solid State.
- •Notes on the Text
- •In this respect — в этом отношении
- •A great deal of — много
- •The electrons in a metal proved thus to move freely — таким образом оказалось, что электроны в металле двигаются свободно
- •Notes on the Text
- •On a large scale в большом масштабе, количестве, широко
- •As late as the end of the 19th century — еще в конце XIX века
- •Text. The nature of polymeric materials
- •2. Review of the Subjunctive Mood. Text: Colloids and Colloidal Particles.
- •Notes on the Text
- •Text. Colloids and colloidal particles
- •Grammar: 1. The Infinitive forms and their functions. 2. Review of the Adverbs. Text: Man-Made Elements. Lesson 22
- •Notes on the Text
- •First of all — прежде всего
- •Energetic particle-accelerators — ускорители высоких энергий text. Man-made elements
- •Grammar: 1. The Objective Infinitive Construction. 2. The use of much. Text: Laser Light. Lesson 23
- •We knew that the delegation had arrived. 2. They learned that he had carried out the experiment by the end of the week. 3. They expected that he had passed his last exam well.
- •Notes on the Text
- •How Light is Analysed
- •Revision of the Perfect Tenses.
- •The use of few, a few, little, a little.
- •Notes on the Text
- •To put it another way — другими словами
- •In conjunction with — вместе, сообща text. The microbiological production of industrial chemicals
- •Notes on the Text
- •Text. The chemical elements essential to life
- •Text. Pollutson
- •Air Pollution
- •Water Pollution
- •Grammar: Review of the Absolute Participle Construction and the Subjective Infinitive Construction.
- •Text. Energy
- •Energy and Temperature
- •Grammar: 1. General review of the Infinitive. 2. Review of the ing-forms and Subjunctive Mood. Text: Some Facts about Quantum Mechanics. Lesson 33
- •Text. Some facts about quantum mechanics
- •Carbon Dioxide
- •Exercises for translating the passive voice
- •The modal verbs and their equivalents
- •The gerund
- •The infinitive
- •Whether
- •The participles
- •The infinitive
- •Suppleme nta r y rea ding the discovery of the nuclei atoms
- •Nuclear chemistry
- •Organometallic compounds
- •Photochemistry
- •The chemistry of polymers I
- •The carbon dioxide
- •Some facts about electrons and protons
- •The decay of the proton
- •The quantum theory and reality
- •Negative absol ute temperatures
- •What is viscosity?
- •A protein molecule as computer sensor
- •Electron theory
- •New chemistry of an old molecule
- •Is wrong.
- •Существительное (The Noun)
- •Падеж (The Case)
- •11 Англо-русский частотный словарь по химии и химической техно- логии/Под ред. Г. Б. Архипова и л. Эдед.— Изд-во вхту, внр, 1983.
- •1 Glue — клей
- •Notes on the Text
- •2. Review of that, those,
- •Notes on the Text
- •1. Not at all — вообще не, совсем не text. Nuclear fission
- •6X« t. Remember the following words:
- •8. The results obtained in attempting to prepare atoms of an atomic number higher than that of uranium.
- •Notes on the Text
- •A great deal of — много
- •...Is engaged in industry...— заняты в промышленности
- •The use of once.
- •Review of only, the only, for. Text: Helium.
- •In association with — в связи с
- •Except for — за исключением
- •To face the problem — встать перед проблемой, столкнуться с проблемой text. Helium
- •Notes on the Text
- •Text. Computer experiments in chemistry, electronic computers
- •Grammar: 1. Revision of the Infinitive Constructions.
Notes on the Text
in brief — коротко, кратко
more or less — более или менее
result from the fact — происходят из-за того, что
light-scattering phenomena — явления рассеивания света
How does laser light differ from ordinary light? In brief, it is much more intense, directional, monochromatic and Coherent.
We know the light emitted by an ordinary source such as candle or an incandescent lamp to consist of uncoordinated waves of many different lengths, that is, it is incoherent and more or less white.
The scientists found the waves of laser light to be coordinated in space and time and to have nearly the same length. This coherence and chromatic purity and also intensity of laser light result from the fact that in a laser excited atoms are stimulated to radiate light before they have had time to do so spontaneously and independently. The directionality of laser light arises from the geometry of the laser.
These properties of laser light suggest many uses for it both in technology and in physics. The scientists consider laser light to be different from ordinary light even when it merely illuminates a surface. The surface looks grainy and sparkles.
By means of some instruments it has become possible to examine materials and physical phenomena in new ways. Among the most interesting applications of the laser the probing of materials by the study of their scattering of light should be mentioned.
The laser is being applied to probe the internal structure and behaviour of molecules by examining the light-scattering phenomena. Many investigators are working at the development of coherent light sources, those ones whose wave-length can be changed.
Many amplifiers and oscillators have been constructed for this purpose lately.
Laser light is applied in many fields such as medicine, biology, industry and so on. We can say scientists made laser light serve man.
The scientists found the energy density of the image formed by a lense in a laser beam to be used to heat, melt or even vaporize small areas of any material. Laser is also used to pierce holes in diamond.
Soon laser is to be used to cut a wide range of materials incjuding wood and paper.
The scientists work hard to use laser in all fields of science and life. They expect laser to be widely used almost everywhere. It will be used for the well-being of people.
Ex. 8. Answer the following questions:
What is the difference between laser light and ordinary light? 2. What did the scientists find out about the waves of laser light? 3. What do the properties of laser light suggest? 4. Why did it become possible to examine some materials in a new way? 5. Which is the most interesting application of laser light well known to everybody? 6. Where else can laser be applied? 7. Why is the discovery of laser light so important? 8. What are many scientists working at?
Ex. 9. Find the correct answer to the following question:
How does laser light differ from ordinary light?
The waves of laser light are found to be coordinated in space and time and to have nearly the same length.
The light emitted by an ordinary source consists of uncoordinated waves of many different lengths.
Laser light is not so intense and coherent.
Laser light does not differ greatly from ordinary light.
Ex. 10. Repeat the following antonyms:
internal—external include—exclude
direct—indirect dark — light
purity — impurity
Ex. 11. Form the derivatives from the following words: differ, purity, use, develop, science, apply.
Ex. 12. Give the missing forms of the following verbs:
light — lighting find — found
arise heat—heating
show—showed
Ex. 13. Open the brackets translating the Russian words into English:
The light emitted by an (обычным) source consists of uncoordinated waves. 2. The scientists found the waves of laser (света) to be coordinated in (пространстве) and time. 3. Laser light is different from ordinary light even when it (просто) illuminates a surface. 4. (С помощью) some instruments it is possible to examine materials and physical phenomena in new ways. 5. (Внутренняя) structure should be examined much better.
Ex. 14. Insert prepositions or adverbs:
1. Laser light differs . . . ordinary light. 2. This difference results . . . the fact that this light is more intense.
. . . means . . . some microscopes we can observe the movement of these particles. 4. This material was examined . . . new ways. 5. He is working . . . the problem of using the source of light in industry. 6. Many new instruments and devices have been built . . this purpose lately. 7. This work consists . . . two parts, the first one having already been done.
Ex. 15. Give the English equivalents of the following Russian words:
более или менее; как . . . так; посредством; такой как.
Ех. 16. Translate into English using the Objective Infinitive Construction:
1. Мы знаем, что луч лазера широко используется в медицине. 2. Мы думаем, что этот опыт был проведен успешно. 3. Я предполагаю, что источник этого света будет изучен. 4. Я хочу, чтобы вы приняли участие в этом исследовании. 5. Я вижу, как они проводят опыты в нашей лаборатории. 6. Мы предполагаем, что конференция уже закончилась. 7. Мы считаем, что эти легкие металлы будут использованы во многих отраслях промышленности в будущем.
Ех. 17. Translate the following sentences into Russian, mind the Objective Infinitive Constructions:
1. The scientists stated atoms or molecules which contain an even number of electrons to have no magnetic moment.
They found that gas to be oxygen. 3. We supposed this substance to have liberated heat when the temperature had been greatly raised. 4. This scientist states laser light to be different from ordinary light. 5. The scientists proved this substance to be an element. 6. After a number of tedious experiments they made the substance dissolve. 7. Pressure caused ice to melt. 8. The scientists know many substances organic as well as inorganic to be stable in the presence of visible light.
Ex. 18. Write the translation of the text:
Nobel Prize winners N. Basov and A. Prokhorov are well known all over the world.
The creation of optical quantum generators known as lasers and other apparatus have become possible due to their work. The Soviet scientists successfully use lasers in medicine. Everybody knows even the very thin beam of light emitted by a laser to be capable to replace the surgical scalpel in a number of operations.
The scientists found out the laser beam to cut through body without causing it to bleed.
Furthermore, the light beam knife is absolutely sterile and precludes the possibility of introducing any kind of infection.
Though the value of lasers to medicine has been established, however, before giving the green light to their use Soviet scientists were to make a thorough check of the effects of laser radiation.
Ex. 19. Translate the text, analyse the Infinitives: